Apert Syndrome :: essays research papers fc

Apert Syndrome (AKA Alport disorder) is a hereditary imperfection which can be acquired from a parent who has Apert or a new change. It falls under the expansive grouping of craniofacial/appendage abnormalities. Roughly 1 for each 160,000 to 200,000 live births acquire it. A few side effects that Apert victims have are different heart abandons, ear contaminations, extreme skin inflammation, expanded occurrence of eye wounds, and some more. The skull is rashly melded and incapable to develop typically, and the fingers and toes are combined in fluctuating degrees.      If your youngster gets Apert Syndrome they may have numerous physical imperfections just as a couple of different issues, for example, more slow learning, a congenital fissure, vision issues, and issues with skin inflammation during adolescence. I don’t think Apert Syndrome kids pass on, expecially in light of the fact that you can go Apert through hereditary qualities. A youngster with Apert Syndrome could carry on with an entirely typical life.      The change which causes Apert Syndrome is found on chromosome number 10 called Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2 (FGFR2). You have two duplicates of this quality, one from the mother, one from the dad, which is made out of a string of around 2000 of the substance developing obstructs that make the hereditary material called DNA. When Apert Syndrome happens, only one specific structure obstruct in one of these two quality duplicates has been traded for another. The other quality is totally ordinary. The one small change in FGFR2 brings about the physical highlights of Apert Syndrome.      There is no connection between anything the mother does or doesn’t do during her pregnancy to cause Apert. Specialists trust Apert Syndrome happens when a quality transforms from the get-go in the pregnancy. The odds of having a second youngster with Apert are nearly non-existent. In any case on the off chance that one parent has Apert Syndrome there is a half possibility that their youngster will likewise have Apert Syndrome. Also, examines have indicated that Apert happens all the more regularly to babies with more seasoned dads.

EU Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

EU - Essay Example The flipside of this arrangement has been its affinity for inclining part states to the failure to control passage and habitation inside their domain. In the long run, this has prompted the part states’ attempting to limit to stem the weight that unbridled development of people place on them. The EU and its part states have endeavored to rescue this circumstance by proposing and endorsing laws, for example, mandates, guideline and articles in law, as will be seen forthwith. Initially, it is critical to take note of that even in the face these difficulties, EU has never made any abandonment on the option to free development. Especially, as indicated by Barnard (2007, 23) and Cholewinski (2005, 252), Article 21 (1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the EU (TFEU) keeps on making arrangement for EU residents to practice free development. The equivalent applies to Regulation EEC 1612/68 and Regulation EU No 492/2011. In this light, there are as of now more than 2 million EU resid ents who are practicing this right. EU has attempted to determine this difficult that attempts to fit the elements of free development and the weight that goes with it through the issuance of mandates, for example, the Directive 2004/38/EC. The Directive 2004/38/EC for example recognizes the way that free development is owing to residents of the EU or the EEA and the immediate relatives of EU residents. The last capability is significant since it erases the non-direct relatives of EU or EEA from getting to one side. In any case, Directive 2004/38/EC is unmitigated that these relatives must be immediate wards of the EU resident. The Directive 2004/38/EC is likewise significant in exculpating EU part states from the weight of free development since it indicates the individuals who are not able to appreciate the option to free development. For example, the Directive 2004/38/EC precludes those residents who live in their home EU part states yet have not worked in other EU part states. I n this regard, all development by non-EU relatives into the home is dependent upon national law. Once more, Directive 2004/38/EC likewise perceives the privilege of more seasoned EU part states to practice the arrangements provided food for in the transitional game plans. The transitional plans restrains EU citizens’ capacity to move uninhibitedly to work, given that these residents begin from new EU part states, for example, Romania and Bulgaria. The hindrance for this situation can be extended as long as 7 years. It is imperative to take note of that in any event, during this time when there is the inconvenience of this breaking point, residents of the new EU part states are as yet neat for movement all through Europe, along with their non-EU relatives. The essence of the issue in this is while free development isn't limited, the capacity to get to employments is. In this manner, this is a path by which rare financial qualities, for example, work are defended against out of line rivalry and invasion. Once more, note that the Directive 2004/38/EC additionally rejects those residents of non-EEA or non-EU nations who are not joined by individuals from EU/EEA residents from getting to a portion of the benefits that are reached out to EU residents. A portion of these benefits incorporate free and quick issuance of visas; the option to work and play for as long as 90 days before the issuance of visas; changeless habitation of 5 years; and simple option to remain in the EU nation longer, should the EU resident be working, learning. For this situation, during applications, Directive 2004/3

concentrations, specializations, and co-curricular programs (oh my) COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

concentrations, specializations, and co-curricular programs (oh my) COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Let’s face it SIPA (School of International and Public Affairs) is a land of acronyms starting with the name itself. As if that didn’t make things confusing enough, every policy school has its own language when it comes to courses of study. Applicants frequently call the office wondering if they concentrate in Latin America or specialize in social policy (the answer is no to both, in my opinion) so I thought it might be useful to walk you through the difference between SIPA’s concentrations, specializations, and co-curricular programs. SIPA offers six concentrations: Economic and Political Development (EPD), Energy and Environment (EE), Human Rights (HR), International Finance and Economic Policy (IFEP), International Security Policy (ISP), or Urban and Social Policy (USP). Energy and Environment, IFEP and USP offer two tracks each. For example my concentration is Urban and Social policy- Social track. Someone else might be International Finance and Economic Policy- Economic Policy.   Very loosely speaking, concentrations are the equivalent of undergraduate majors. All MPA and MIA students choose a concentration, except for students who are pursuing a dual degree. Concentrations consist of five courses each. Some concentrations, for example Human Rights (HR) and USP, are extremely flexible allowing students to take one core course and then tailor the track to their interests through focus areas. Other concentrations, for example IFEP, are more structured and require students to fulfill five specific requirements from a distinct set of courses. When choosing a concentration, as either an applicant or a student, it is important to consider the skills you want to acquire during your time at SIPA and how you plan to market yourself afterward. If you need to gain a strong quantitative background, then IFEP might be the right choice for you. If you plan to market yourself as a Human Rights advocate, you might want to concentrate in HR. While students do not officially “double concentrate,” SIPA’s curriculum offers the flexibility to take courses outside of your concentration to gain additional skills or background in whatever area you choose. In addition to concentrations, all non-dual degree seeking MIA and MPA students select a specialization. These would be the loose equivalent of an undergraduate minor. Specializations take one of two forms: regional (Africa,  East Asia,  East Central Europe,  Europe,  Latin America,  Middle East,  Russia and the Former Soviet States,  South Asia or United States); or skill/policy based including, Advanced Policy and Economic Analysis (APEA),   Applied Science (AS),   International Conflict Resolution (ICR),   International Media, Advocacy and Communications (IMAC), International Organization (IO) and Management.  Students specialize in either a region or a skill/policy area, not both. The specialization requirements are three courses each so most students wind up fulfilling the requirements for at least one specialization just by following their own interests. Again, when considering a specialization students balance the skills and background they want to acquire while at SIPA with the ways in which they plan to market themselves post-graduation.  I will qualify for both a United States and Management specialization, but have chosen to specialize in management because I want to highlight expertise in organizational leadership as I apply to jobs. Any MIA or MPA student can concentrate or specialize in any combination, meaning that there are 180 possible combinations available to MIA and MPA’s alone! Finally, we come to SIPA’s three co-curricular programs: Gender Policy (GP), Humanitarian Affairs (HA) and United Nations Studies Program (UNSP). Unlike concentrations and specializations participation in co-curricular programs is optional although from my personal experience, highly recommended! The three co-curricular programs are very different from one another in their requirements and you can find more about each program by clicking here. The co-curricular programs are extremely useful in establishing oneself as an expert if students plan to pursue post-SIPA careers in these specific fields. I will be able to list a certificate in gender policy alongside my MPA degree on my resume.   They tend to focus on gaining practical experience even more so than concentrations and are designed to give students a solid foundation and background in policy and practice in their professional field.     Anecdotally, I will share with you that the courses I have taken to satisfy the requiremen ts for my Gender Policy co-curricular have been hands down my favorites at SIPA and have left me feeling confident and prepared to market myself as an expert in gender policy. Incidentally, if you factor in our co-curricular programs, this brings the possible MIA and MPA combinations to 540! Whatever your policy interest there is a way to gain the skills you need here at SIPA.

Essay about Importance of Nursing Theory - 1317 Words

Nursing theories are the support of nursing practice today. They are significant to nursing practice, education and scientific research because they help to determine, what is already known, and what additional knowledge and skills are needed. Nurses are usually first exposed to nursing theories during nursing education and further exposure comes from hands on training. The gained knowledge, about nursing theories, through education and training enhances better outcomes for patients and caregivers, allows application of professional boundaries, and assists in decision making. In this paper I will attempt to analyze, in general, the importance of nursing theory to the nursing profession; discuss middle-range theory, furthermore Benner’s†¦show more content†¦There are many different nursing theories that are significant to nursing practice, because they help nurses to examine what is already known, and what additional knowledge and skills are required in variety of nursing situations. They provide basis for nursing practice, as well as some additional tools, that help with delivery of better care to patients and caregivers. Finally, nursing theories improve professional status for nurses and provide guidance and direction for research and education (Colley, 2003). In today’s world, it is essential to incorporate nursing theory into practice. Patricia Benner, through her work, â€Å"has provided essential understanding of how knowledge and skills are acquired and directly applied to nursing practice, education, research and administration† (Altmann, 2007, p. 114). According to Benner’s model of skill acquisition, â€Å"the nurse passes through five stages of career development, novice, advanced beginner, competent, proficient and expert† (English, 1993, p.387). Specific patterns of behavior, thinking, and performance is present in each stage. The most experience is associated with the expert nurse and the least experience is possessed by the novice nurse (Benjamin, 2007). This model is based on ascending level of proficiency and the key concepts of this model are: competence, skill attainment, experience, clinical knowledge and practical knowledgeShow MoreRelatedImportance Of Theory Of Nursing Theory1723 Words à ‚  |  7 Pages Importance of Theory Evelyne Previl Chamberlain College of Nursing Importance of Theory Nursing theory is defined as a group of concepts, philosophy, or ideas that define and guide the nursing practice. In fact, nursing practice is firmly rooted from these concepts that were at times empirical, then abstract, and inferential. Reflecting back to the time of Florence Nightingale who is the pioneer in modern nursing and nursing theory up to the corner of 21st centuryRead MoreImportance Of Nursing Theories1453 Words   |  6 PagesNursing theory is a â€Å"set of concepts, definitions, relationships, and assumptions or propositions derived from nursing models† (Current Nursing, 2012). Nursing theories are set as a model for shaping the practice of healthcare and providing the best possible outcome for the patient. One of the nursing theories this paper will explore is the Need Theory by Virginia Henderson. The Need Theory promotes increased independence to promote continued healing after hospitalization. Importance of Theory ConceptualRead MoreThe Importance Of Theory Of Nursing1839 Words   |  8 PagesThe Importance of Theory Christi McDonald Chamberlain College of Nursing NR 501: Theoretical Basis for Advanced Nursing Practice March, 2016 The Importance of Theory Since I have been a nurse I never really gave much thought about any of the theories I learned in nursing school, I guess I was just so happy to finish. However, as years have expired and find myself back in school furthering my education, now I recall the importance of nursing theories. As many people or should I say nurses frequentlyRead MoreImportance Of Nursing Theory For Nursing Practice1383 Words   |  6 PagesThe Importance of Nursing Theory Alvin McDonald Chamberlain College of Nursing NR501: Theoretical Basis for Advanced Nursing Practice September, 2016 The Importance of Nursing Theory Nursing theory is the skeleton on which the profession and practice of nursing rests. It is a construct of concepts specific to nursing that shapes and guides nursing practice. Nursing theory can guide nursing practice by giving a particular focus to nursing practice (Algase, 2015). Nursing theory provides theRead MoreEssay on Nursing Theories and Their Importance in Nursing1831 Words   |  8 PagesNursing theories and their importance in nursing Jennifer J. Wilson Chamberlain College of Nursing NR 501: Theoretical Basis for Advanced Nursing Instructor Berens 1/12/15 Nursing Theory is often defined as,† an organized framework of concepts and purposes designed to guide the practice of nursing† (Medical Dictionary for the Health Professions and Nursing, 2012). Nursing theories can help patients, managers and other healthcare professionals to recognize what and how much that nurses doRead MoreImportance of Nursing Theory Essay1535 Words   |  7 PagesNursing Theory Wendy Benson Chamberlain College of Nursing Theoretical Basis of Advanced Nursing NR501 July 20, 2013 Nursing Theory Nursing theories are the basic concepts that define nursing practice and provide the explanation to why nurses do what they do. Nurses are exposed to theories everyday in their practice. Did I give much thought to nursing theories prior to becoming a student? No, I did not. Of course I utilized them in my everyday nursing practice, but never put much thoughtRead MoreImportance Of Theory For Nursing Care1525 Words   |  7 PagesImportance of Theory Theory can have different meaning depending on the setting. Theory can be based on a hypothesis or simply a collection or thoughts and ideas. Nursing theories, provide ideas and designs that define the place of nursing in healthcare. Theories are a fundamental part of nursing and exist to improve patient care outcomes. In 2001, Jean Watson’s caring theory was adopted in the health system where I work as a registered nurse. The Nurse Governance Council adopted the Watson’s philosophyRead MoreImportance of Ethical Theory in Nursing1322 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction The concept of ethical nursing and culturally competent care are becoming more and more important in the contemporary nursing practice (Smith Godfrey,2002).Despite their general appreciation in nursing practice, challenges and dilemma often clouds their application in a world which is continually being marked with a culturally diverse and demanding population. In this paper we present a critical review of ethics and cultural competence in professional nursing practice with a clear focus onRead MoreImportance Of Theory For Nursing Practice2120 Words   |  9 PagesImportance of Theory Rhonda Rodriguez Chamberlain College of Nursing Theoretical Basis for Advanced Nursing Practice NR501 January 9, 2016 Importance of Theory Theory can have different meaning depending on the setting. Theory can be based on a hypothesis or simply a collection or thoughts and ideas. Nursing theories, provide ideas that define the place of nursing in health care. Theories are an important part of nursing and exist to improve patient care outcomes (Desmond et al., 2014) InRead MoreHildegard Peplaus Theory And Its Importance Of Nursing Theory1465 Words   |  6 PagesNursing Theory and its Importance Nursing theory is the pillar of nursing. It is very important in the application of evidence-based practice (EBP). The functions of a theory are to narrow and provide specific information for the analysis of initially confusing behaviors, situations, and events (Fawcett Madeya 2013). As a matter of fact, nursing theory gives the nurse a framework for organizing and analyzing information as well as a base for identifying with their patients throughout the nurse-patient

Autism Spectrum Disorder Essay - 1049 Words

Autism If your odds were one in 68 would you play the lotto? With odds that good it would be hard not to, but these are not the odds for the lottery - this is the chance that your child will have autism. Autism is a challenging disorder not only for the child, but also for the parents and family of the child. A long road begins for the family once this disorder is diagnosed and it takes a strong support structure for all that are involved. In today’s society, every person and profession will at some point encounter a child or an adult with autism. It is important that everyone has a basic understanding of this disorder. Autism is a complex mental disorder that at its best hinders the child socializing with peers and in worst cases†¦show more content†¦Most researchers agree that it is related to abnormities in the structure and function of the brain. Problems before and during birth have been shown to increase the risk in autism. Parents that have children later in life run a higher risk then parents that have children while they are younger. Genetics may also play a role in increasing the risk of autism. When an identical twin has autism, the likelihood the other twin will also have it is much greater than if the twins where fraternal. Signs of autism usually appear in a child’s first three years. Early diagnosis is extremely important to improving communication and social skills so parents are encouraged to report anything they find suspicious to their pediatrician. The following are seven red flags that Autismspeaks.org has listed that should prompt you as a parent to ask your pediatrician for an evaluation: †¢ No big smiles or other warm, joyful expressions by six months or thereafter †¢ No back-and-forth sharing of sounds, smiles or other facial expressions by nine months †¢ No babbling by 12 months †¢ No words by 16 months †¢ No meaningful, two-word phrases (not including imitating or repeating) by 24 months †¢ Any loss of speech, babbling or social skills at any age With a diagnosis of autism comes a sudden change in the family’s routine. This can place a lot of stress and pressure on parents and siblings of children with autism. ParentsShow MoreRelatedAutism Spectrum Disorder And Autism Essay1393 Words   |  6 PagesAutism is a neurological disorder with many forms and severities, better known as autism spectrum disorder, that begins early in childhood and lasts throughout the individual’s life. Autism spectrum disorder is defined as developmental disabilities that can cause significant social, communication, and behavioral challenges (CDC). Previously, autism was recognized in distinct groups and types. Now, autism is referred to as a spectrum because there is an overlap among all the different forms of autismRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder And Autism2594 Words   |  11 PagesAutism Spectrum Disorder is defined as a neurodevelopmental condition that is classified by a triad of impairments. These impairments are in communica tion, socialization, and repetitive patterns of behavior (Wolf, 2004). Autism affects about 1% of the current population (Shishido, Branko, Norio, 2013). This disorder seems like a common diagnosis in the current day in age but the disorder was only discovered around sixty years ago. The two founding researchers that discovered the disorder are KannerRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder And Autism1827 Words   |  8 Pagesin the United States had one or more developmental disorders in 2006-2008. This can affect the person mentally, physically, emotionally, or a combination of the three. These range from something as simple as a speech delay to something as complex as cerebral palsy. One of these developmental disorders is autism. Autism can cause social, communication, and behavioral challenges. One in 68 children are affected by autism. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is 4.5 times more common in boys. One in forty-twoRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Autism ) Essay1739 Words   |à ‚  7 Pagesconventions (Lai, 2014). These two observations would be the beginning of a disorder known as the Autism Spectrum Disorder. This developmental disorder, characterized by a range of deficits in different areas, is increasingly prevalent in society and in the media. While the exact numbers vary from country to country, according to Lai (2014), 1% of the general population is diagnosed with an Autism Spectrum Disorder. The range of this disorder has a detrimental effect on society, specifically the educationalRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Autism ) Essay1858 Words   |  8 Pages Autism Spectrum Disorder affects various aspects of an autistic child’s life. Many children are diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder every year, while others go undiagnosed for an extended time, or even for their whole life. A child exhibiting delays in language benchmarks or showing little interest in the surroundings should be examined for possible ASD. Language is often impaired and although the level of impairment can range from severe too unnoticeable in each child, a child is likely toRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder1446 Words   |  6 PagesPublic Health Problem Autism or autism spectrum disorder ( ASD) is a developmental disorder that has been found world wide. However unlike many other disorders, autism is fairly new in the sense that there is no cure nor a set factor causing it. Today, the public is more aware of the disorder, yet there is still concern about how to treat autism in children as well as what risk factors are more likely to lead to autism. Autism has been around for the past hundred years, however previous to theRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder1409 Words   |  6 Pagesboys and 1 in 189 girls are diagnosed with autism in the United States (Autism Speaks, n.d.). Can be diagnosed in all racial and ethnic groups, as well as every age group. In the 2013 publication of DSM-5 diagnostic manual, Asperger syndrome, Autistic disorder, childhood disintegrative disorder, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder- not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS) were merged into one category of ASD. This paper will explain what Autism Spectrum Disorder is, causes, signs and symptoms, diagnosisRead MoreAutism And Autism Spectrum Disorder1267 Words   |  6 Pages and the way he interacted with others, spoke to me on a profound level. I know autism when I see it. For those not familiar with autism, Autism Speaks, the world’s leading autism science and advocacy organization, defines autism and autism spectrum disorder (ASD), as both general terms for a group of complex disorders of brain development. These disorders are characterized, in varying degrees (hence, a â€Å"Spectrum† that includes both low- and high-functioning individuals), by difficulties in socialRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder And Autism1401 Words   |  6 PagesIn America about one out of 88 children have autism spectrum disorder and about 36,500 in four million children are born with autism. Currently approximately 1.5 million adults are living with autism in the United States. The autistic brain is a complicated phenomenon, which has required many years of research in the biomedical field by institutes, organizations, and the government to comprehend the disorder. Depending on the severity of the disorder – low functionin g or high functioning – and theRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder And Autism Essay2049 Words   |  9 Pages Autism and Asperger’s are two syndromes that are now looked as being part of the ‘Autism Spectrum Disorder’. Asperger’s is on the high functioning end while Autism is on the low functioning end. Before the ‘autism spectrum’ was created, in nineteen forty-three and nineteen forty-four, a psychiatrist named Leo Kanner and German scientist named Hans Asperger discovered Autism and Asperger’s. Their research included looking at cases of children who were different and had qualities of aloneness, obsessiveness

The Golden Compass Chapter Eight Free Essays

Chapter Eight Frustration Lyra had to adjust to her new sense of her own story, and that couldn’t be done in a day. To see Lord Asriel as her father was one thing, but to accept Mrs. Coulter as her mother was nowhere near so easy. We will write a custom essay sample on The Golden Compass Chapter Eight or any similar topic only for you Order Now A couple of months ago she would have rejoiced, of course, and she knew that too, and felt confused. But, being Lyra, she didn’t fret about it for long, for there was the fen town to explore and many gyptian children to amaze. Before the three days were up she was an expert with a punt (in her eyes, at least) and she’d gathered a gang of urchins about her with tales of her mighty father, so unjustly made captive. â€Å"And then one evening the Turkish Ambassador was a guest at Jordan for dinner. And he was under orders from the Sultan hisself to kill my father, right, and he had a ring on his finger with a hollow stone full of poison. And when the wine come round he made as if to reach across my father’s glass, and he sprinkled the poison in. It was done so quick that no one else saw him, but – â€Å" â€Å"What sort of poison?† demanded a thin-faced girl. â€Å"Poison out of a special Turkish serpent,† Lyra invented, â€Å"what they catch by playing a pipe to lure out and then they throw it a sponge soaked in honey and the serpent bites it and can’t get his fangs free, and they catch it and milk the venom out of it. Anyway, my father seen what the Turk done, and he says, Gentlemen, I want to propose a toast of friendship between Jordan College and the College of Izmir, which was the college the Turkish Ambassador belonged to. And to show our willingness to be friends, he says, we’ll swap glasses and drink each other’s wine. â€Å"And the Ambassador was in a fix then, ’cause he couldn’t refuse to drink without giving deadly insult, and he couldn’t drink it because he knew it was poisoned. He went pale and he fainted right away at the table. And when he come round they was all still sitting there, waiting and looking at him. And then he had to either drink the poison or own up.† â€Å"So what did he do?† â€Å"He drunk it. It took him five whole minutes to die, and he was in torment all the time.† â€Å"Did you see it happen?† â€Å"No, ’cause girls en’t allowed at the High Table. But I seen his body afterwards when they laid him out. His skin was all withered like an old apple, and his eyes were starting from his head. In fact, they had to push ’em back in the sockets†¦.† And so on. Meanwhile, around the edges of the fen country, the police were knocking at doors, searching attics and outhouses, inspecting papers and interrogating everyone who claimed to have seen a blond little girl; and in Oxford the search was even fiercer. Jordan College was scoured from the dustiest boxroom to the darkest cellar, and so were Gabriel and St. Michael’s, till the heads of all the colleges issued a joint protest asserting their ancient rights. The only notion Lyra had of the search for her was the incessant drone of the gas engines of airships crisscrossing the skies. They weren’t visible, because the clouds were low and by statute airships had to keep a certain height above fen country, but who knew what cunning spy devices they might carry? Best to keep under cover when she heard them, or wear the oilskin sou’wester over her bright distinctive hair. And she questioned Ma Costa about every detail of the story of her birth. She wove the details into a mental tapestry even clearer and sharper than the stories she made up, and lived over and over again the flight from the cottage, the concealment in the closet, the harsh-voiced challenge, the clash of swords – â€Å"Swords? Great God, girl, you dreaming?† Ma Costa said. â€Å"Mr. Coulter had a gun, and Lord Asriel knocked it out his hand and struck him down with one blow. Then there was two shots. I wonder you don’t remember; you ought to, little as you were. The first shot was Edward Coulter, who reached his gun and fired, and the second was Lord Asriel, who tore it out his grasp a second time and turned it on him. Shot him right between the eyes and dashed his brains out. Then he says cool as paint, ‘Come out, Mrs. Costa, and bring the baby,’ because you were setting up such a howl, you and that daemon both; and he took you up and dandled you and sat you on his shoulders, walking up and down in high good humor with the dead man at his feet, and called for wine and bade me swab the floor.† By the end of the fourth repetition of the story Lyra was perfectly convinced she did remember it, and even volunteered details of the color of Mr. Coulter’s coat and the cloaks and furs hanging in the closet. Ma Costa laughed. And whenever she was alone, Lyra took out the alethiome-ter and pored over it like a lover with a picture of the beloved. So each image had several meanings, did it? Why shouldn’t she work them out? Wasn’t she Lord Asriel’s daughter? Remembering what Farder Coram had said, she tried to focus her mind on three symbols taken at random, and clicked the hands round to point at them, and found that if she held the alethiometer just so in her palms and gazed at it in a particular lazy way, as she thought of it, the long needle would begin to move more purposefully. Instead of its wayward divagations around the dial it swung smoothly from one picture to another. Sometimes it would pause at three, sometimes two, sometimes five or more, and although she understood nothing of it, she gained a deep calm enjoyment from it, unlike anything she’d known. Pantalaimon would crouch over the dial, sometimes as a cat, sometimes as a mouse, swinging his head round after the needle; and once or twice the two of them shared a glimpse of meaning that felt as if a shaft of sunlight had struck through clouds to light up a majestic line of great hills in the distance – something far beyond, and never suspected. And Lyra thrilled at those times with the same deep thrill she’d felt all her life on hearing the word North. So the three days passed, with much coming and going between the multitude of boats and the Zaal. And then came the evening of the second roping. The hall was more crowded than before, if that was possible. Lyra and the Costas got there in time to sit at the front, and as soon as the flickering lights showed that the place was crammed, John Faa and Farder Coram came out on the platform and sat behind the table. John Faa didn’t have to make a sign for silence; he just put his great hands flat on the table and looked at the people below, and the hubbub died. â€Å"Well,† he said, â€Å"you done what I asked. And better than I hoped. I’m a going to call on the heads of the six families now to come up here and give over their gold and recount their promises. Nicholas Rokeby, you come first.† A stout black-bearded man climbed onto the platform and laid a heavy leather bag on the table. â€Å"That’s our gold,† he said. â€Å"And we offer thirty-eight men.† â€Å"Thank you, Nicholas,† said John Faa. Farder Coram was making a note. The first man stood at the back of the platform as John Faa called for the next, and the next, and each came up, laid a bag on the table, and announced the number of men he could muster. The Costas were part of the Stefanski family, and naturally Tony had been one of the first to volunteer. Lyra noticed his hawk daemon shifting from foot to foot and spreading her wings as the Stefanski money and the promise of twenty-three men were laid before John Faa. When the six family heads had all come up, Farder Coram showed his piece of paper to John Faa, who stood up to address the audience again. â€Å"Friends, that’s a muster of one hundred and seventy men. I thank you proudly. As for the gold, I make no doubt from the weight of it that you’ve all dug deep in your coffers, and my warm thanks go out for that as well. â€Å"What we’re a going to do next is this. We’re a going to charter a ship and sail north, and find them kids and set ’em free. From what we know, there might be some fighting to do. It won’t be the first time, nor it won’t be the last, but we never had to fight yet with people who kidnap children, and we shall have to be uncommon cunning. But we en’t going to come back without our kids. Yes, Dirk Vries?† A man stood up and said, â€Å"Lord Faa, do you know why they captured them kids?† â€Å"We heard it’s a theological matter. They’re making an experiment, but what nature it is we don’t know. To tell you all the truth, we don’t even know whether any harm is a coming to ’em. But whatever it is, good or bad, they got no right to reach out by night and pluck little children out the hearts of their families. Yes, Raymond van Gerrit?† The man who’d spoken at the first meeting stood up and said, â€Å"That child, Lord Faa, the one you spoke of as being sought, the one as is sitting in the front row now. I heard as all the folk living around the edge of the fens is having their houses turned upside down on her account. I heard there’s a move in Parliament this very day to rescind our ancient privileges on account of this child. Yes, friends,† he said, over the babble of shocked whispers, â€Å"they’re a going to pass a law doing away with our right to free movement in and out the fens. Now, Lord Faa, what we want to know is this: who is this child on account of which we might come to such a pass? She en’t a gyptian child, not as I heard. How comes it that a landloper child can put us all in danger?† Lyra looked up at John Faa’s massive frame. Her heart was thumping so much she could hardly hear the first words of his reply. â€Å"Now spell it out, Raymond, don’t be shy,† he said. â€Å"You want us to give this child up to them she’s a fleeing from, is that right?† The man stood obstinately frowning, but said nothing. â€Å"Well, perhaps you would, and perhaps you wouldn’t,† John Faa continued. â€Å"But if any man or woman needs a reason for doing good, ponder on this. That little girl is the daughter of Lord Asriel, no less. For them as has forgotten, it were Lord Asriel who interceded with the Turk for the life of Sam Broekman. It were Lord Asriel who allowed gyptian boats free passage on the canals through his property. It were Lord Asriel who defeated the Watercourse Bill in Parliament, to our great and lasting benefit. And it were Lord Asriel who fought day and night in the floods of ’53, and plunged headlong in the water twice to pull out young Ruud and Nellie Koopman. You forgotten that? Shame, shame on you, shame. â€Å"And now that same Lord Asriel is held in the farthest coldest darkest regions of the wild, captive, in the fortress of Svalbard. Do I need to tell you the kind of creatures a guarding him there? And this is his little daughter in our care, and Raymond van Gerrit would hand her over to the authorities for a bit of peace and quiet. Is that right, Raymond? Stand up and answer, man.† But Raymond van Gerrit had sunk to his seat, and nothing would make him stand. A low hiss of disapproval sounded through the great hall, and Lyra felt the shame he must be feeling, as well as a deep glow of pride in her brave father. John Faa turned away, and looked at the other men on the platform. â€Å"Nicholas Rokeby, I’m a putting you in charge of finding a vessel, and commanding her once we sail. Adam Stefanski, I want you to take charge of the arms and munitions, and command the fighting. Roger van Poppel, you look to all the other stores, from food to cold-weather clothing. Simon Hartmann, you be treasurer, and account to us all for a proper apportionment of our gold. Benjamin de Ruyter, I want you to take charge of spying. There’s a great deal we ought to find out, and I’m a giving you the charge of that, and you’ll report to Farder Coram. Michael Canzona, you’re going to be responsible for coordinating the first four leaders’ work, and you’ll report to me, and if I die, you’re my second in command and you’ll take over. â€Å"Now I’ve made my dispositions according to custom, and if any man or woman seeks to disagree, they may do so freely.† After a moment a woman stood up. â€Å"Lord Faa, en’t you a taking any women on this expedition to look after them kids once you found ’em?† â€Å"No, Nell. We shall have little space as it is. Any kids we free will be better off in our care than where they’ve been.† â€Å"But supposing you find out that you can’t rescue ’em without some women in disguise as guards or nurses or whatever?† â€Å"Well, I hadn’t thought of that,† John Faa admitted. â€Å"We’ll consider that most carefully when we retire into the parley room, you have my promise.† She sat down and a man stood up. â€Å"Lord Faa, I heard you say that Lord Asriel is in captivity. Is it part of your plan to rescue him? Because if it is, and if he’s in the power of them bears as I think you said, that’s going to need more than a hundred and seventy men. And good friend as Lord Asriel is to us, I don’t know as there’s any call on us to go as far as that.† â€Å"Adriaan Braks, you’re not wrong. What I had it in my mind to do was to keep our eyes and ears open and see what knowledge we can glean while we’re in the North. It may be that we can do something to help him, and it may not, but you can trust me not to use what you’ve provided, man and gold, for any purpose outside the stated one of finding our children and bringing ’em home.† Another woman stood up. â€Å"Lord Faa, we don’t know what them Gobblers might’ve been doing to our children. We all heard rumors and stories of fearful things. We hear about children with no heads, or about children cut in half and sewn together, or about things too awful to mention. I’m truly sorry to distress anyone, but we all heard this kind of thing, and I want to get it out in the open. Now in case you find anything of that awful kind, Lord Faa, I hope you’re a going to take powerful revenge. I hope you en’t going to let thoughts of mercy and gentleness hold your hand back from striking and striking hard, and delivering a mighty blow to the heart of that infernal wickedness. And I’m sure I speak for any mother as has lost a child to the Gobblers.† There was a loud murmur of agreement as she sat down. Heads were nodding all over the Zaal. John Faa waited for silence, and said: â€Å"Nothing will hold my hand, Margaret, save only judgment. If I stay my hand in the North, it will only be to strike the harder in the South. To strike a day too soon is as bad as striking a hundred miles off. To be sure, there’s a warm passion behind what you say. But if you give in to that passion, friends, you’re a doing what I always warned you agin: you’re a placing the satisfaction of your own feelings above the work you have to do. Our work here is first rescue, then punishment. It en’t gratification for upset feelings. Our feelings don’t matter. If we rescue the kids but we can’t punish the Gobblers, we’ve done the main task. But if we aim to punish the Gobblers first and by doing so lose the chance of rescuing the kids, we’ve failed. â€Å"But be assured of this, Margaret. When the time comes to punish, we shall strike such a blow as’ll make their hearts faint and fearful. We shall strike the strength out of ’em. We shall leave them ruined and wasted, broken and shattered, torn in a thousand pieces and scattered to the four winds. Don’t you worry that John Faa’s heart is too soft to strike a blow when the time comes. And the time will come under judgment. Not under passion. â€Å"Is there anyone else who wants to speak? Speak if you will.† But no one did, and presently John Faa reached for the closing bell and rang it hard and loud, swinging it high and shaking the peals out of it so that they filled the hall and rang the rafters. John Faa and the other men left the platform for the parley room. Lyra was a little disappointed. Didn’t they want her there too? But Tony laughed. â€Å"They got plans to make,† he said. â€Å"You done your part, Lyra. Now it’s for John Faa and the council.† â€Å"But I en’t done nothing yet!† Lyra protested, as she followed the others reluctantly out of the hall and down the cobbled road toward the jetty. â€Å"All I done was run away from Mrs. Coulter! That’s just a beginning. I want to go north!† â€Å"Tell you what,† said Tony, â€Å"I’ll bring you back a walrus tooth, that’s what I’ll do.† Lyra scowled. For his part, Pantalaimon occupied himself by making monkey faces at Tony’s daemon, who closed her tawny eyes in disdain. Lyra drifted to the jetty and hung about with her new companions, dangling lanterns on strings over the black water to attract the goggle-eyed fishes who swam slowly up to be lunged at with sharp sticks and missed. But her mind was on John Faa and the parley room, and before long she slipped away up the cobbles again to the Zaal. There was a light in the parley room window. It was too high to look through, but she could hear a low rumble of voices inside. So she walked up to the door and knocked on it firmly five times. The voices stopped, a chair scraped across the floor, and the door opened, spilling warm naphtha light out on the damp step. â€Å"Yes?† said the man who’d opened it. Beyond him Lyra could see the other men around the table, with bags of gold stacked neatly, and papers and pens, and glasses and a crock of jenniver. â€Å"I want to come north,† Lyra said so they could all hear it. â€Å"I want to come and help rescue the kids. That’s what I set out to do when I run away from Mrs. Coulter. And before that, even, I meant to rescue my friend Roger the kitchen boy from Jordan who was took. I want to come and help. I can do navigation and I can take anbaromagnetic readings off the Aurora, and I know what parts of a bear you can eat, and all kind of useful things. You’d be sorry if you got up there and then found you needed me and found you’d left me behind. And like that woman said, you might need women to play a part – well, you might need kids too. You don’t know. So you oughter take me, Lord Faa, excuse me for interrupting your talk.† She was inside the room now, and all the men and their daemons were watching her, some with amusement and some with irritation, but she had eyes only for John Faa. Pantalaimon sat up in her arms, his wildcat eyes blazing green. John Faa said, â€Å"Lyra, there en’t no question of taking you into danger, so don’t delude yourself, child. Stay here and help Ma Costa and keep safe. That’s what you got to do.† â€Å"But I’m learning how to read the alethiometer, too. It’s coming clearer every day! You’re bound to need that – bound to!† He shook his head. â€Å"No,† he said. â€Å"I know your heart was set on going north, but it’s my belief not even Mrs. Coulter was going to take you. If you want to see the North, you’ll have to wait till all this trouble’s over. Now off you go.† Pantalaimon hissed quietly, but John Faa’s daemon took off from the back of his chair and flew at them with black wings, not threateningly, but like a reminder of good manners; and Lyra turned on her heel as the crow glided over her head and wheeled back to John Faa. The door shut behind her with a decisive click. â€Å"We will go,† she said to Pantalaimon. â€Å"Let ’em try to stop us. We will!† How to cite The Golden Compass Chapter Eight, Essay examples

Type of air pollution, formed when oxides of sulfu Essay Example For Students

Type of air pollution, formed when oxides of sulfu Essay r and nitrogen combine with atmospheric moisture to yield sulfuric and nitric acids, which may then be carried long distances from a source before they are deposited by rain, is called acid rain This pollution may also take the form of snow, fog, or a dry form of precipitation. Acid rain is currently a subject of great controversy because of widespread environmental damage for which it has been blamed, including eroding structures, injuring crops and forests, and threatening or depleting life in freshwater lakes. One of the main causes of acid rain is sulfur dioxide. Natural sources which emit this gas are volcanoes, sea spray , rotting vegetation and plankton. However, the burning of fossil fuels, such as coal and oil, are largely to be blamed for approximately half of the emissions of this gas in the world. When sulfur dioxide reaches the atmosphere, it oxidizes to first form a sulfate ion. It then becomes sulfuric acid as it joins with hydrogen atoms in the air and falls back down to earth. Oxidation occurs the most in clouds and especially in heavily polluted air where other compounds such as ammonia and ozone help to catalyze the reaction, converting more sulfur dioxide to sulfuric acid. However, not all of the sulfur dioxide is converted to sulfuric acid. In fact, a substantial amount can float up into the atmosphere, move over to another area and return to earth unconverted. The following are the stoichiometric equations for the formation of sulfuric acid: S (in coal) + O2? SO2 2 SO2 + O2? 2 SO3 SO3 + H2O? H2SO4 Nitric oxide and nitric dioxide are also components of acid rain. Its sources are mainly from power stations and exhaust fumes. Like sulfur dioxide, these nitrogen oxides rise into the atmosphere and are oxidized in clouds to form nitric acid. These reactions are also catalyzed in heavily polluted clouds where iron, manganese, ammonia and hydrogen peroxide are present. One of the direct effects of acid rain is on lakes and its aquatic ecosystems. There are several routes through which acidic chemicals can enter the lakes. Some chemical substances exist as dry particles in the air while others enter the lakes as wet particles such as rain, snow, sleet, hail, dew or fog. In addition, lakes can almost be thought of as the sinks of the earth, where rain that falls on land is drained through the sewage systems eventually make their way into the lakes. Acid rain that falls onto the earth washes off the nutrients out of the soil and carries toxic metals that hav e been released from the soil into the lakes. Another harmful way in which acids can enter the lakes is spring acid shock. When snow melts in spring rapidly due to a sudden temperature change, the acids and chemicals in the snow are released into the soils. The melted snow then runs off to streams and rivers, and gradually make their way into the lakes. The introduction of these acids and chemicals into the lakes causes a sudden drastic change in the pH of the lakes hence the term spring acid shock. The aquatic ecosystem has no time to adjust to the sudden change. In addition, springtime is an especially vulnerable time for many aquatic species since this is the time for reproduction for amphibians, fish and insects. Many of these species lay their eggs in the water to hatch. The sudden pH change is dangerous because the acids can cause serious deformities in their young or even annihilate the whole species since the young of many of such species spend a significant part of their l ife cycle in the water. Subsequently, sulfuric acid in water can affect the fish in the lakes in two ways: directly and indirectly. Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) directly interferes with the fishs ability to take in oxygen, salt and nutrients needed to stay alive. For freshwater fish, maintaining osmoregulation is key in their survival. Osmoregulation is the process of maintaining the delicate balance of salts and minerals in their tissues. Acid molecules in the water cause mucus to form in their gills and this prevents the fish to absorb oxygen as well. If the buildup of mucus increases, the fish would suffocate. In addition, a low pH will throw off the balance of salts in the fish tissue. Salts levels such as the calcium (Ca+2) levels of some fish cannot be maintained due to pH change. This results in poor reproduction their eggs produced would be damaged; they are either too brittle or too weak. Decreased Ca+2 levels also result in weak spines and deformities. For example, crayfish need Ca+2 to maintain a healthy exoskeleton; low Ca+2 levels would mean a weak exoskeleton. Another type of salt N+ also influences the well being of the fish. As nitrogen-containing fertilizers are washed off into the lakes, the nitrogen stimulates the growth of algae, which logically would mean an increase in oxygen production, thus benefiting the fish. However, because of increased deaths in the fish population due to acid rain, the decomposition process uses up a lot of the oxygen, which leaves less for the surviving fish to take in. Indirectly, sulfuric acid releases heavy metals present in soils to be dissociated and released. For example, aluminum (Al+2) is harmless as part of a compound, but because acid rain causes Al+2 to be released into the soils and gradually into the lakes, it becomes lethal to the health of the fish in the lakes. Al+2 burns the gills of the fish and accumulates in their organs, causing much damage. So, although many fish may be able to tolerate a pH of ap proximately 5.9, this acid level is high enough to release Al+2 from the soils to kill the fish. This effect is further augmented by spring acid shock. The effect of acid rain can be dynamically illustrated in a study done on Lake 223, which started in 1976. Scientists monitored the pH and aquatic ecosystem of Lake 223. They observed that as the pH of the lake decrease over the years, a number of crustaceans died out because of problems in reproduction due to the acidity of the lake caused by acid precipitation. At a pH of 5.6, algae growth in the lake was hindered and some types of small died out. Eventually, it was followed by larger fish dying out with the same problem in reproduction; there were more adult fish in the lake than there were young fish. Finally, in 1983, the lake reached a pH of 5 and the surviving fish in the lake were thin and deformed and unable to reproduce. This case study obviously illustrates the significant effect of acid rain on lakes and its aquatic ecosy stem. One of the most serious impacts of acid precipitation is on forests and soils. Great damage is done when sulfuric acid falls onto the earth as rain. Nutrients present in the soils are washed away. Aluminum also present in the soil is freed and this toxic element can be absorbed by the roots of trees. Thus, the trees are starved to death as they are deprived of their vital nutrients such as calcium and magnesium. Not all of the sulfur dioxide is converted to sulfuric acid. In fact, a substantial amount can float into the atmosphere, move over to another area and return to the soils unconverted. As this gas returns back to earth, it clogs up the stomata in the leaves, thus hindering photosynthesis. Research has been made where red spruce seedlings were sprayed with different combinations of sulfuric and nitric acid of pH ranging from 2.5 to 4.5. The needles of these seedlings were observed to develop brown lesions. Eventually, the needles fall off. It was also found that new nee dles grew more slowly at higher concentrations of acid used. Because the rate at which the needles were falling was greater than the rate at which they were replenished, photosynthesis was greatly affected; the actual way in which these needles were killed is still not yet known. However, studies have shown that calcium and magnesium nutrients are washed away from their binding sites when sulfuric acid enters the system. They are replaced by useless hydrogen atoms and this inhibits photosynthesis. In addition, severe frosts may also further aggravate this situation. With sulfur dioxide, ammonia and ozone present in the air, the frost-hardiness of trees are reduced. Ammonia oxidizes with sulfur dioxide to form ammonium sulfate. This product forms on the surface of the trees. When ammonium sulfate reaches the soils, it reacts to form both sulfuric and nitric acid. Such conditions also stimulate the growth of fungi and pests like the ambrosia beetle. When trees are under such stress, t hey release chemicals such as terpenes which attract the ambrosia beetle. Nitrogen oxide and nitric oxide, also components of acid rain, can force trees to grow even though they do not have the necessary nutrients. As well, the trees are sometimes forced to grow well into late autumn when it is actually time for them to prepare for severe frosts in the winter. Acid rain also damages materials such as fabrics. For example, flags that are put up are being eaten away by the acidic chemicals in the precipitation. Books and age-old art that are centuries old are also being affected; the ventilation systems of the libraries and museums that hold them do not prevent the acidic particles from entering the buildings and so, they get in and circulate within the building, affecting and deteriorating the materials. .ub85883d0da0c72f96334171917ac058c , .ub85883d0da0c72f96334171917ac058c .postImageUrl , .ub85883d0da0c72f96334171917ac058c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub85883d0da0c72f96334171917ac058c , .ub85883d0da0c72f96334171917ac058c:hover , .ub85883d0da0c72f96334171917ac058c:visited , .ub85883d0da0c72f96334171917ac058c:active { border:0!important; } .ub85883d0da0c72f96334171917ac058c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub85883d0da0c72f96334171917ac058c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub85883d0da0c72f96334171917ac058c:active , .ub85883d0da0c72f96334171917ac058c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub85883d0da0c72f96334171917ac058c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub85883d0da0c72f96334171917ac058c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub85883d0da0c72f96334171917ac058c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub85883d0da0c72f96334171917ac058c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub85883d0da0c72f96334171917ac058c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub85883d0da0c72f96334171917ac058c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub85883d0da0c72f96334171917ac058c .ub85883d0da0c72f96334171917ac058c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub85883d0da0c72f96334171917ac058c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Benefits Of Online Shoppings Essay We will write a custom essay on Type of air pollution, formed when oxides of sulfu specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Among one of the serious side effects of acid pollution on humans is respiratory problems. The SO2 and NO2 emissions give rise to respiratory problems such as asthma, dry coughs, headaches, eye, nose and throat irritations. An indirect effect of acid precipitation on humans is that the toxic metals dissolved in the water are absorbed in fruits, vegetables and in the tissues of animals. Although these toxic metals do not directly affect the animals, they have serious effects on humans when they are being consumed. For example, mercury that accumulates in the organs and tissues of the animals has been linked with brain damage in children as well as nerve disorders, brain damage and death. Similarly, another metal, Aluminum, present in the organs of the animals, has been associated with kidney problems and recently, was suspected to be related to Alzheimers disease.

Importance of Communication in Making Decision in Organizations

Importance of Communication in Making Decision in Organizations Executive Summary The report entails evaluation of the role of communication in making decisions within an organization. The correlation between decision making and communication is underscored in the background study. Some of the key roles of communication in decision making are identified. The importance of communication in identifying the complexity of the intended decision is underscored.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Importance of Communication in Making Decision in Organizations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This arises from the fact that some of the decisions that a firm’s management team can make are more complex and can lead to enormous financial loss. Through communication, firms’ management teams are able to identify the involved complexity. The role of communication in solving problems within an organization is underscored. This arises from the fact that problem solving entails effective identification of the problem which is attained via communication. Communication also aids in reducing employee resistance which might during the decision making process. This may result into conflicts within the organization. Communication also aids in the process of a firm undertaking decisions regarding research and development which is vital for a firm’s success. Finally a conclusion of the entire study and a set of recommendations are made. The recommendations made entail some of the ways via which communication in an organization can be enhanced so as to improve decision making. Introduction Background to the study In the process of executing their duties, managers are charged with a number of roles. Some of these roles relate to interpersonal roles, informational roles and decisional roles. The success of an organization is dependent on the effectiveness and efficiency with which the managers undertake their functions. One of the most important roles which m anagers are supposed to undertake is making decisions to guide the organization’s operations. Decision making is paramount in the success of every business. According to Martinsons and Davison (2007, p.287) decision making should be fast considering the fact that opportunities have a short window. Poole and Ahmed (2008, p.6) define decision making as the process of selecting from a number of alternatives based on a comprehensive analysis of the various options. Poole and Ahmed (2008, p.1) consider decision making to be a vital primary process in the operation of an organization. The decisions which the managers undertake are supposed to be independent.Advertising Looking for research paper on business communication? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In an organizational setting, there are a number of groups which help the organization in conducting various tasks. The basis of these groups may be the various depa rtments. Despite the fact that managers should be independent in making decisions, consideration of the various groups is paramount. There is a strong correlation between communication and decision making (Ellen Almonte, 2009). Explicitly stated, communication has an influence on the decision made. Communication is defined as the dissemination of information from sender to the receiver. For communication to occur, information must be communicated via effective decoding by the receiver. Communication in an organization can be viewed in a number of perspectives one of them being a medium via which group interaction in an organization occurs (Martinsons Davison, 2007, p.287). Alternatively, communication can be considered to be the essence of decision making. This makes communication to be an essential element in the success of an organization. Aim The aim of the report is to analyze the importance of decision making in organizations Scope The report is organized into a number of sec tions. The first section entails evaluation of how communication aids firms’ management teams in the identification of complexity of the decision to be made. The role of communication in enhancing problem solving is identified in the second section. The third section gives an evaluation of the role of communication in reducing resistance as a result of the decisions made. An analysis of the role of communication in enhancing research and development decision is conducted in the fifth section. Finally, a conclusion of the entire study and a set of recommendations are made. Enhances understanding of the degree of complexity of the decision In the operation of an organization, the management teams undertake various functions such as decision making. Lack of communication may limit the management teams’ capacity to make rational decisions. This arises from the complexity of the decision to be implemented.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on I mportance of Communication in Making Decision in Organizations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition, the decision to be implemented may involve huge risks which might affect the firm’s operation as a going concern entity. This means that communication must be conducted prior to making any decision. For example, considering the dynamic nature of business environment, it is paramount for firms to develop a high competitive advantage. There are various avenues via which this can be achieved. One of them is formation of mergers and acquisition. The core objective of formation of mergers and acquisition is to attain synergy in the new entity (Cartwright Cooper, 2006). However, there is a high probability of the new entity not attaining the intended synergy. One of the reasons which might result in this is lack of effective communication between the two firms involved. Undertaking a merger and acquisition requires incorporation of a comprehensive collaborative decision making. This will ensure that all the parties involved have similar information regarding the impact of the decision on each firm. In addition, communication prior to implementation of the decision will aid in the determination of the existing degree of fitness between the two firms. Ensuring prior communication prior to implementation of the decision will aid in minimizing chances of the merger failing (Cartwright Cooper, 2006, p.65). This arises from the fact that it will be possible to determine the existence of goal congruency between the two firms. A considerable amount of resources are involved in the process of conducting a merger and acquisition. If there is not sufficient communication, determination of the fit between the two firms may be hindered. Upon implementing such a decision, there is a high probability of the firm failing leading into enormous financial loss. Ensuring communication prior to undertaking such decision enables the firm’s management team in determine the most effective way through which the decision will be implemented. Increases the effectiveness of problem solving In the operation of an organization, there is a probability of conflicts occurring amongst the employees. This arises from the existence of differences between employees. Inevitability of conflicts also arises from the fact that employees interact regularly in their duties (Coombs, 2010, p.340).Advertising Looking for research paper on business communication? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conflicts may result into increase in the level of stress amongst the employees. This has the effect of reducing the employees’ productivity and hence the firm’s performance. It is the role of a firm’s management team to solve the conflicts amicably. This can only be attained via making an effective decision. When a conflict exists in organizations, there is a high probability of it being suppressed. This worsens the situation by increasing the level of stress amongst the employees. Communication can help the management in understanding the nature of the conflict (Coombs, 2010, p.350). In addition, the degree of certainty regarding the problem is improved. This arises from the fact that the management team is able to obtain numerous facts regarding the problem (Politi Street, 2010). In order to solve the problem, a comprehensive decision making process should be undertaken. The first step entails identification of the existing problem. Problem identification en sures that the decision made will result into a solution of the identified problem (Gibson, Ivancevich, Donnelly Konopaske, 2009, p.36). At this stage, effective communication is paramount in helping the manager identify the problem. There is no need of the decision process progressing if the problem is not well identified. There are a number of alternatives available to the management team in solving the problem. In order to identify the available alternatives, managers are required to gather sufficient amount of information. This will serve in increasing the validity of the decision made. According to Coombs (2010, p.360), conflicts within an organization may affect employees within various departments. Various employees working in different departments have got different ways which they can consider most effective to solve the problem. By ensuring that there is an effective communication between the various groups, it is possible for the management to organize discussions so as to solicit the views of the employees. Despite disagreements arising during the discussion, there is a high probability of the employees cooperating with the decision made since they were given an opportunity to express their views (Joanne, Dulek Hale, 2007, p.68). The resultant effect communicating via group discussions when solving problems in an organization is that the quality of the decision made is high. This increases the effectiveness with which the existing problem is solved. After identification of the various alternatives, the management team should evaluate the alternatives to consider the most effective to consider when making the decision. The model below gives an illustration of the decision making process in an organization. The dynamic nature of external environment has an effect on a firm’s operation and long-term survival. As a result, it has become vital for firms to undertake various changes on their operations so as to align themselves with the externa l environment. Some of the changes to be undertaken are aimed at improving an organization’s operation efficiency. The intended change can either be major or minor. Despite the magnitude of the intended change, it might result into employee resistance. In order to undertake the intended change, a number of decisions have to be made. The change resulting from the decision made by the management team affects the entire organization. Therefore, it is the responsibility of a firm’s management team to ensure that all the members of the various departments cooperate. This makes the implementation process to be efficient by eliminating employee resistance (Richardson, 2008.p.2). The decision to make a change should not be imposed to the subordinate members of the organization. It is important to ensure that all the employees are conversant with the decision to undertake the change prior to its implementation. In addition, the employees should be aware of how the decision to u ndertake the change will affect them. This will increase their commitment in the process of implementing the decision. Therefore, ensuring effective communication within the organization will ensure that the firms’ management team understands the employees’ perception regarding the decision. Enhances research and development Considering the dynamic nature of business environment, conduction of research and development is vital if the firm is to survive as a going concern. The importance of research and development has further been enhanced by the current rate of globalization. This is mainly so for firms which are in very volatile economic sectors such as those which deal with software development. Decisions relating to research and development may emanate internally or externally. According to Hirokawa and Marshall (2008, p.53), creating a rapport between the organization and the various parties involved via communication helps in identification of the necessary resea rch and development. In addition, communication helps in the identification of the changes occurring in the business environment. This arises from the fact that the organization is able to obtain market feedback via communication (Martinsons Davison, 2007). The resultant effect is that the firm is able to undertake modifications to its research and development thus increasing the chances of attaining a high competitive advantage. Conclusion The success of every organization depends on the effectiveness of the decisions made by the firm’s management team. From the analysis, it is evident that the quality of decision made is dependent on the effectiveness of communication within the organization. These sentiments are underscored by Aaron (2006, p. 32) who asserts that despite the vision statement that a firm has, lack of effective communication can result into failure in their attainment. The decisions to be implemented may affect the employees’ negatively thus limiting their productivity. Imposing a decision on the employees which they are not aware of may result into resistance. Through effective organizational communication, the employees become aware of the decision prior to the change. This increases the probability of them cooperating during the implementation process. In addition, communication helps in effective decision making via identification of the existing problem. Problem identification is the first step in the decision making process within an organization. Effective communication increases the degree of certainty with regard to the problem being solved. For example, the existing problem may relate to conflicts between the firm’s employees. Without effective identification of the problem, there is a high probability of the decision made not solving the existing problem. This means that the entire decision making process was a mere waste of time. Through communication, it is possible for the management team to determine the c omplexity of the intended decision with regard to its effect on the employees. The management team may consider involving the employees in finding a more optimal solution by communicating the intended decision. The resultant effect is that the firm is able to identify the appropriateness of the decision via identification of various alternatives. Recommendations In order to ensure that the decision made is effective, it is paramount for firms’ management teams to enhance effective communication. In order to achieve this, firm’s management teams should consider the following recommendations. There should be free flow of information within organizations. This will ensure that all the stakeholders are conversant with the organization’s internal environment. This will culminate into minimization of the probability of resistance occurring. In order to achieve this, firm’s management team should consider incorporating a bottom-up organization style. This will e nsure free flow of information from the employees in the subordinate level to the top management. All the stakeholders to the decision should be involved. This will ensure that a sufficient level of awareness is created thus increasing the probability of participation during the implementation process. In order to ensure effective communication within the organization, firms’ management team should incorporate information technology so as to effectively manage information flow within and without the organization. Firms’ management teams should ensure that the organization has got an effective team dynamics. One of the ways through which this can be attained is by ensuring that there is effective communication within the organization. The resultant effect is that the degree of collaboration in decision making will be improved. Reference List Aaron, S. (2006). Effective communication helps business run more smoothly. Journal  of management. Vol. 4, issue 5, pp. 23-34. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Cartwright, S. Cooper, C. (2006). Managing mergers, acquisitions and strategic  alliances. New Jersey: Butterworth Heinnemann. Coombs, T. (2010). Impact of past crises on current crisis communication: insight from situational crisis communication theory. Journal of business communication. Vol. 412, issue 4, pp. 390-419. Ellen, M. Almonte, R. (2009). Essential of business communication. New York: Cengage Learning. Gibson, J. L., Ivancevich, J. M., Donnelly, J. H., Konopaske, R. (2009). Organizations:  Behavior, structure, processes. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill. Hirokawa, R. Marshall, P. (2008). Communication and group decision making. New York: Sage. Joanne, E., Dulek, R.E. Hale, D. (2007). Crisis response communication challenges: building theory from qualitative data. Journal of Business communication. Vol. 41, issue 3, pp. 112-134. Martinsons, M. Davison, R. (2007). Strategic decision making and support systems: comparing American, Japa nese and Chinese management. Journal of management. Vol. 43, issue 1, pp. 284-300. Amsterdam: Elsevier Communication. Politi, M. Street, R. (2010). The importance of communication in collaborative decision making: facilitating shared mind and the management of uncertainty. International journal of public health and policy. Vol. 3, issue 5, pp. 26-45. Washington: Blackwell Publishers. Poole, M. Ahmed, I. (2008). Decision making process in organizations. Journal of  Communication Studies. Vol. 4, issue 3, pp. 45-54. Richardson, J. (2008). Management of conflict in organizations: effective communication in conflict resolution. Journal of health. Washington: Bnet.

How You Can Make Money Teaching Online

How You Can Make Money Teaching Online You dont need to be a college professor to make money teaching online. Many sites now offer professionals and hobbyists the chance to create and sell online classes on topics from programming to healthy living. Heres how: Choose a Topic Youre Passionate About Make sure that you choose a topic you know and that you are interested in sharing with others. Your passion (or lack thereof) will come through in your writing and multimedia and make a big difference to potential students. Although you should know enough about the subject to teach it, you dont need to be an expert or have major credentials. A big name may help you sell, but most students are simply looking for quality content. Choose a Topic That Can Be Monetized If your goal is to make money, consider your topic carefully. Is it broad enough that a lot of people are interested in it? Is it specific enough that there arent already lots of courses or free online articles, videos, etc. that give away the information your course would provide? Courses on tech topics (programming, computer science) and business topics (creating a business plan, social media marketing, etc.) seem to do well. Courses on humanities (how to read poetry, the history of the Civil War, etc.) and lifestyle (nutrition, fashion, etc.) dont seem to attract as many paying students. However, a good teacher and good marketing can make most subjects successful. Find a Teaching Platform that Works for You You could create a course on your own domain and market to attract your own students. However, a growing number of websites offer hosting, design, promotion, and other services target towards online teachers. In most cases, these websites take a portion of the student tuition rather than charging online teachers anything upfront. One of the most popular services, ​Udemy, hosts courses that are heavy in video content and has instructors that make over $90,000 a year. Create Your Content Once youve decided on an idea, its time to create your lessons. The type of content you create will depend on your topic, your teaching style, and the platform youve chosen. You may create written lessons, shoot videos, record screencasts, or even create interactive tutorials. Most students dont expect course content to be highly produced. However, they do expect some professionalism and editing. Many of the tools you may need for media creation can be found for free online or as pre-installed software on your computer. Software with greater functionality generally isnt too expensive, particularly if you qualify for a teacher or student discount due to your work at a traditional school. For video creation, PC users can download Windows Movie Maker at no cost while Mac users can create with iMovie. For screencasting, Jing is a functional and free download or Camtasia is available to purchase with additional features. Simple programs like PowerPoint can also be used to create slideshow s or enhanced podcasts. Â   Promote, Promote, Promote The way you promote is just as important as the way that you create your course. Even if you use a teaching platform like Udemy, you will need to do some self-promotion to make sure that your online course reaches its audience. Social media including Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn can help you build a following. You may use an outside blog or website to share your message. Regular newsletters sent to a growing number of subscribers can also help. If you have even a small advertising budget, you may find it useful to buy ad space through Google Adwords so that potential students can find your course when searching for related terms.

Not requried, it depends on you Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Not requried, it depends on you - Essay Example The analysis of the individual performance, the work environment and the managerial and employee traits are discussed in the study. The problems faced by the company with regard to the employee and management are also referred to understand the cause of failure. Moreover, the relevant solution to the problem which would help the management to accomplish its objectives is considered for the long run profitability of the company. In the book by Dewar, it has been highlighted that the management style used by Ford in the earlier stage was not providing the required yield because of a lack of motivation among the workers. The improper management style had a negative impact on the employees and the management objective to gain profitability. The convertor line technique used by the company was not delivering proper efficient result. The main reason behind the incessant constraints was a lack of motivation among the workers along with job satisfaction. With the implementation of proper man agement style and motivational factors the leader was able to derive the required output from the employees. The change in the leadership style along with maintaining proper relation, valuing the employee in Ford helped to increase the level of production and efficiency. The proper control of management on the employees helps in sustaining the business and increasing profitability. INTRODUCTION â€Å"The Savage Factory: An Eyewitness Account of the Auto Industry’s Self-Destruction† is a book that reflects the story of a giant automotive, which was losing its competitive market to the smaller and weaker competitors because of the implemented organizational behavior approaches. The organizational behavior exhibits the influence that the individuals, groups and structure have on the human behavior within the organization. The performance of the people within an organization is affected by the behavior of the organization. The behavior within an organization is considered by the interaction among the people, the technology implemented by the management and the external environment. The working environment provided to the individuals or group affects the productivity of the company. The management style and the theory are of great importance when analyzing the performance of the company. The behavior between the employee and the management reflects the concept of organizational behavior. The narration presented in ‘savage factory’ exactly demonstrates the relation among the hourly line workers, factory foremen and the management. It gives an inside look at the incompetency of the management with regard to managing the labor forces, which caused the automobile industry to suffer. The loss faced by the Ford was due to the improper management style and the behavior within the organization. The book gives an insight to the importance of behavior among the worker, management and the structure of the organization (Dewar 1-10; Mcshane, Glinow an d Sharma 1-10). THESIS STATEMENT This study intends to reflect the significance of the organizational behavior among the workers and the management for a better working environment. The issues regarding the leadership style, the motivational factors and the working environment are the main determinants which are discussed. The approaches regarding the behavior to mitigate the issues and increase the productivity are reflected through the paper. IDENTIFICATION OF THE PROBLEM The author Robert J. Dewar joined the Ford

Photojournalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Photojournalism - Essay Example The level of objectivity and ethics employed by a photojournalist on duty remains constant while it is possible to express freedom in adjusting the news elements or components of the graphic medium which constitute the effect of the visuals. In today’s society, according to Anil Ramchand, the photojournalism market still indicates competitiveness despite the weakening demand for newspapers and magazine circulations. Such degree of competence, however, is inclined to depend upon how willing the industry is in engaging with the mainstream where imagery of fashion bearing aesthetic value and sensation amply matter over mere statements of typewritten facts. Hence, as long as an item attracts the public’s sense of appreciation by sight, photojournalism is certain to stand on stable grounds as it keeps its modern function of improving the physical character of a potential commodity. Apparently, a way to pursue optimum commerce means a lot. Since the public in general projects a growing interest in visuals, the revolutionary concept of photojournalism becomes reduced to assume the role of rendering external appearance to captivate even if this does not necessarily signify the main content of the subject or theme. While there are still photojournalists who choose to preserve the reputable essence of their profession, the online mode of mass communication seems to limit photojournalism to the confines of pop culture and the associated common practice of illustrating news, celebrity and sports coverage with less sensible yet sold-out designs. Because I have since recently been fond of creating blogs about a variety of topics but with chief focus on art and poetry, I find a great deal of satisfaction at having come up with journal entries that are forty-five percent rich in exquisite photos. This way, my site manages to generate more

War and Grief in Faulkner’s Shall Not Perish and The Unvanquished :: Faulkner’s The Unvanquished Essays

War and Grief in Faulkner’s Shall Not Perish and The Unvanquished It is inevitable when dealing regularly with a subject as brutal as war, that death will occur. Death brings grief for the victim’s loved ones, which William Faulkner depicts accurately and fairly in many of his works, including the short story â€Å"Shall Not Perish† and The Unvanquished. While the works differ because of the time (The Unvanquished deals with the Civil War while â€Å"Shall Not Perish† takes place during World War II) and the loved ones grieving (The Unvanquished shows the grief of a lover and â€Å"Shall Not Perish† shows the grief of families), the pain they all feel is the same. When we first meet Cousin Drusilla, her fiancà ©e Gavin has already died at battle. Some Southern ladies may have handled their grief passively, retreating to their beds to sleep their pain away. However, Drusilla takes a different approach. She becomes a part of the war, actively saving her horse when the Yankees burn her family home and eventually joining her uncle’s cavalry. Drusilla refuses to passively grieve; she becomes a part of the war for which her lover felt so strongly that he was willing to die. In doing so, however, she becomes detached from the Southern life the men are trying to preserve. She thinks Gavin’s death has opened her eyes to a new world and that the old world in which they lived was pointless. â€Å"Living used to be dull, you see. Stupid. You lived in the same house your father was born in and your father’s sons and daughters had the sons and daughters of the same negro slaves to nurse and coddle, and then you grew up and you fell in love with your acceptable young man and in time you would marry him, in your mother’s wedding gown perhaps and with the same silver for presents she had received†¦Stupid, you see† (100-101). However, Drusilla—even though she may not be willing to admit it, even to herself—had always wanted that kind of life. She easily fell in love with Gavin, and once he was gone, she decided to give up her dreams of that kind of life—she wasn’t going to wait for the war to end so she could start the cycle of finding â€Å"an acceptable young man† again. Drusilla was going to take Gavin’s spot in the war, out of love and grief and loyalty.

Hocheng Philippines Corporation Essay

Hocheng Philippines Corporation has been well-known for their finest creations of bathroom fixtures and accessories. It has acquired latest high-tech machineries and equipped workforce to provide high-quality porcelain products which is considered to be their main priority. Most of their production relies on these machineries that might result to interruption if there will be some technical problems experienced. Back up plan should be established to at least avoid delay in production. Safety in workplace is essential and should not be neglected by the management. There is a Violation Receipt which is intended for strict compliance with the rules regarding proper attire for safety. Someone noticed to be in violation will be reprimanded. Though, while exploring all the sides of the plant, I saw employees not in their uniforms, only wearing shorts and are topless which maybe is permissible to the management since these specific employees are under casting process. On the other hand, I noticed that there are a lot of ceiling fans that help in fast drying of the clays molded/ceramics that make much of the dust spread in air around the place which requires wearing of masks whenever in the workplace, but none of them wears one. This could be a huge risk in their health. The company must provide a strong policy regarding the implementation of wearing mask every time they are exposed to dust, come up with an excellent way to oblige employees in obeying with the plant instructions for worker protection and inform them about the hazards. Furthermore, there is only a little supervision from the management to its employees in actual testing of the outputs. One of them disclosed that before packing, testing the ‘flush’ should be made, but this is sometimes made randomly, and not for the entire units. There should be someone responsible for ensuring that all products went under testing and that all the employees are doing their jobs, most especially for those employees sleeping during lunch breaks. Someone must be roaming around, to check if none of them does that during work hours. Good thing about the production process is that it is well automated which minimizes human intervention and speeds up the process. But its huge reliance to machines results to possible delay in production if even just one part of it fails to function properly. If the machine crashes or experiences some technical problems, the production will be in halt. Thus, back up equipment or plan should be prepared by the management in case this happens. Sanitation and freshness were well-emphasized by the company. Of course, those are essential and of a great deal to their consumers. As a matter of fact, it was shown in the video that the pans used in baking are regularly and intensively cleaned and how these are cleaned but none was indicated about cleaning the machines used. Dough is not only placed on the pans, these also touch other parts of equipment before reaching the packaging section. It is impossible that these machines will never be subject to dirt, even if it is in a closed area. Therefore, they should find a way to maintain these machines sanitized, cleaning them regularly as possible without affecting the time allotted for the production. Upon observing in a short span of time, though in a limited view, a huge bulk of dough came into my attention. It was at the floor. I have no idea regarding the plan for that filthy dough but most probably, it is not going near our mouth. Hence, it should be segregated to a separate container, clearly emphasizing that it is no longer to be used for production to ensure that confusion will be avoided and that there is no chance of accidentally including it to clean ones. Strength Hocheng Philippines Corporation has been well-known for their finest creations of bathroom fixtures and accessories. It has acquired latest high-tech machineries and equipped workforce to provide high-quality porcelain products which is considered to be their main priority. As what one of the employees said, â€Å"We do not let our product even with just a small slight crack reach our customers. † In fact, all processes have TQC (Total Quality Control). There is QA (Quality Assurance) every month, like an auditing to randomly check if quality requirements are met to have quality-products. It serves as systematic requirement, a comparison with a standard. In addition to this, every certain period, there is four-hour training for skills development of the current employees. Kanban System is implemented in the company. It is a scheduling system for lean and JIT (Just-in-time) production, which has been proven to be a great way for improvement in the entire production. And, there is automation in maintaining/monitoring inventory. To simplify and speed up in updating the inventory level, the company uses barcode. However, for those items that are broken or defective, updating in inventory system is done manually and it is handled by three people, eliminating the possibility of having false information regarding these outputs. HCG uses Proximity scan (through ID) in entering the plant. This improves efficiency and reduces the possibility of deception. Furthermore, check list of materials to be used for casting is prepared by an immediate supervisor and if the materials prepared are found out to be insufficient, the employees themselves will approach a person in charge to have material requisition. Also, there is move ticket to authorize every time there will be transferring of materials. Almost stages in the whole system require documentation. Even for those items that are to be disposed, are being accompanied by appropriate records which help in audit trail purposes.

A Beginners Guide for Teaching ESL / EFL to Foreigners

There are many non-professional teachers who are teaching English as a 2nd or foreign language. The teaching setting varies widely; to friends, at a charity, on a volunteer basis, as a part-time job, as a hobby, etc. One thing quickly becomes clear: Speaking English as a mother tongue does not an ESL or EFL (English as second language / English as a foreign language) teacher make! This guide is provided for those of you who would like to know some of the basics of teaching English to non-native speakers of English. It provides some fundamental guidelines which will make your teaching more successful and satisfying for both the student and you. Get Grammar Help Fast! Teaching English grammar is tricky as there are so many exceptions to rules, irregularities of word forms, etc. that, even if you do know your grammar rules, you are probably going to need some help when providing explanations. Knowing when to use a certain tense, word form or expression is one thing, knowing how to explain this rule is quite another. I highly recommend getting a good grammar reference as quickly as you can. Another point to consider is that a good university-level grammar guide is really not appropriate for teaching non-native speakers. I recommend the following books which have been specially designed for teaching ESL / EFL: British Press Practical English Usage by Michael Swan published by Oxford University Press - Advanced - great for teachersEnglish Grammar in Use by Raymond Murphy published by Cambridge University Press - for both beginners and intermediate American Press Understanding and Using English Grammar by Betty Schrampfer Azar published by Pearson ESL - Intermediate to advancedThe Advanced Grammar Book by Jocelyn Steer and Karen Carlisi published by Heinle Heinle Keep It Simple One problem that teachers often encounter is that of trying to do too much, too quickly. Here is an example: Lets learn the verb to have today. - OK - So, the verb to have can be used in the following ways: He has a car, Hes got a car, He had a bath this morning, He has lived here for a long time, If I had had the opportunity, I would have bought the house. Etc. Obviously, you are focusing on one point: The verb to have. Unfortunately, you are covering just about every usage of have which then also brings into play the present simple, have for possession, past simple, present perfect, have as an auxiliary verb etc. Overwhelming to say the least! The best way to approach teaching is to choose just one use or function, and focus on that specific point. Using our example from above: Lets learn the use have got for possession. He has got a car is the same as saying He has a car... etc. Instead of working vertically i.e. uses of have, you are working horizontally i.e. the various uses of have to express possession. This will help keep things simple (they are actually pretty difficult already) for your learner and give him/her tools on which to build. Slow down and Use Easy Vocabulary Native speakers are often not aware of how quickly they speak. Most teachers need to make a conscious effort to slow down when speaking. Perhaps more importantly, you need to become aware of the type of vocabulary and structures you are using. Here is an example: OK, Tom. Lets hit the books. Have you got through your homework for today? At this point, the student is probably thinking WHAT! (in his/her native language)! By using common idioms (hit the books), you increase the chance that the student will not understand you. By using phrasal verbs (get through), you can confuse students who may already have quite a good grasp of basic verbs (finish instead of get through in this case). Slowing down speech patterns and eliminating idioms and phrasal verbs can go a long way to helping students learn more effectively. Maybe the lesson should begin like this: OK, Tom. Lets begin. Have you finished your homework for today? Focus on Function One of the best ways of giving a lesson shape is to focus on a certain function and take that function as the cue for the grammar that is taught during the lesson. Here is an example: This is what John does every day: He gets up at 7 oclock. He takes a shower and then he eats breakfast. He drives to work and arrives at 8 oclock. He uses the computer at work. He often telephones clients... etc. What do you do every day? In this example, you use the function of talking about daily routines to introduce or expand on the simple present. You can ask the students questions to help teach the interrogative form, and then have the student ask you questions about your daily routines. You can then move on to questions about his/her partner - thereby including the third person singular (When does he go to work? - instead of - When do you go to work?). In this way, you help students produce language and improve language skills while providing them with structure and understandable chunks of language. The next feature in this series will focus on standard curriculums to help you structure your study and some of the better classroom books that are currently available.