Monday, September 30, 2019

Decentralization and Development Essay

Most developing country’s governments and multilateral institutions are increasingly concerned by the slow progress being made towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals and have identified new ways of strengthening the development focus of their policies and programmes. For this reason, decentralisation is receiving increasing international attention as a potential tool in the acceleration of development. Though decentralisation would not be implemented solely for the direct purpose of economic development, the ensuing changes in the institutional architecture are very likely to impact on governance, participation and the efficiency of public-service delivery, all of which are important variables for development outcomes. Decentralisation is understood as the transfer of power, responsibility, authority, functions and appropriate resources from the central to the local level. This study attempts to analyse the performance of the decentralisation policy in Zambia since a new decentralisation policy was introduced in Zambia in November 2002 following two previous failed attempts in 1968 and 1980. An effort will be made to analyse the policy design, its implementation, monitoring and evaluation concerns and how these relate to development. Specific emphasis in the study will be placed on whether power can actually been devolved by the Central Government to the Local Governments and to what extent this can have a positive impact on the delivery and management of services at district level thereby leading to development. The study intends to evaluate how the decentralisation policy is operationalised by analysing political, administrative and fiscal decentralisation and how these interface with development in Zambia. The designers of the decentralisation policy in Zambia hoped that when implemented properly, it would reduce the workload at the centre, create political and administrative accountability, promote responsiveness, and in the long run develop organizational structures tailored to local circumstances in which the payment of taxes could be linked to the provision of services. In this way, it was intended that decentralisation would contribute to democratisation, more effective development, and good governance. The problem, however, is that despite these well intentioned goals, the theory is contrary to the practice since decentralisation in Zambia is characterised by several contradictions in the way of challenges related to human resource management, procurement, financial management, and the commercialisation of the elections process which involves the use of money to bribe voters and thereby greatly undermines the ideals of individual merit. As a result, democracy in Zambia has not necessarily produced the best leaders. These contradictions have negative implications for development and this study seeks to investigate why decentralisation has not necessarily led to development in the Zambia context. Generally, the study intends to explore the impact of the decentralisation policy on the development process of the Zambian economy, in terms of effectiveness in the delivery of services. The study hopes to highlight inadequacies, which could be addressed to improve performance and lead to development. More specifically, the study aims at: * Examining the legal and institutional framework of decentralisation in Zambia. * Analysing the determinants of pro-poor decentralisation process. * Examining the role of elected leaders in development under decentralised governance. * Analysing fiscal decentralisation in relation to service delivery (development). These objectives have been critically identified to cover the four pillars of decentralisation namely, the legal framework, as well as fiscal, administrative and political decentralisation. Decentralisation as a process of transferring authority and functions from the centre to the periphery governments is intended to result in good governance. The quest for good governance in both developed and developing countries has taken centre stage. Governments design policies, which are intended to improve people’s welfare and subsequently lead to development. The decentralisation policy in Uganda is one of such policies, which intends to encourage popular participation, accountability, and therefore enhance good governance and development. It is assumed that once organisations are decentralised formally and legally, the intended results are attained. However, there have been few tests to critically compare the assumptions and the subsequent results associated with decentralisation. This study intends to fill the gap by relating the theory of decentralisation to the practice in Zambia. A new decentralisation policy was introduced in Zambia the policy covers the crucial aspects of decentralisation such as setting up of sub-district structures and clearly defined roles for the local authorities, the province and central government. Additionally it clearly states that the government is aspiring for devolution although the process will start with deconcentration of services while capacity is being developed in the local authorities. The policy also clearly states that the objective of the policy is primarily governance, i.e. giving citizens more voice in decision-making and general improvement in democratic governance where citizens will elect the mayor as opposed to the current system where this is done by councillors, and councils will have more powers and resources. This is in keeping with the fact that the government wants to introduce devolution. A decentralisation secretariat was established to spearhead the implementation and coordination of the policy. The local government administration in Zambia is large and highly complex. This complexity together with the significant differences in management between provincial and district approaches, the researchers’ geographical location and resources determined the choice of research design and method most appropriate for the study. Thus the study will be fundamentally based on an analysis of secondary data as it relates to the theoretical and practical implications of decentralisation in Zambia. Hence secondary data will be collected and analysed by means of a literature study which makes use of various sources related to the Zambian setting, including books, journal articles, and legislation.

Sunday, September 29, 2019

Suenos de Una Tarde Dominical En La Alameda Central

The author of this mural is Diego Rivera. He is one of the most important artists in Mexico. Also, he had the capacity to involve the people in his work. Diego Rivera always focused his work on politics and history of Mexico. We have the clear example in Suenos de una Tarde Dominical en la Alameda Central. It was painted for Diego Rivera in 1947. The original mural was established in one of the principal walls in the Prado Hotel, but after the earthquake in 1985 it was removed to Palacio Nacional in Mexico City. As had been noted, Diego Rivera a long of 74m2 painted the most important events from Mexican history, dedicated for all the people. For this reason, I chose to analyze this source, because I like the Mexican history and I am fan of Diego Rivera. Suenos de una Tarde Dominical en la Alameda Central focused on the claim of Indigenas (native groups), that was a fundamental topic by Diego Rivera. Another important topic that is represented in the mural is the fight of the social classes. Besides this, the mural was designed in chronological order; it begins on the left side with the Conquest of Mexico. Diego Rivera in so many cases represented the figure of Hernan Cortez with a grotesque image but in this case, he represented Cortez with his hands bleeding. Also in the mural he painted the first New Spain Archbishop, Fray Juan de Saronga who in 1539 was ordered to burn alive one son of Nezahualcoyolt. This person was the first victim of the Holy Inquisition in New Spain. This terrifying institution was brought from Spain and burned alive all the people that were accused for heresy. In the mural this ritual is personified for Dona Mariana de Carbajal, who mounted on a donkey is driven to fire; she is followed by San Benito Verde, a symbol of the executioner. Likewise appearing in this section is Luis de Velasco who was the eighth viceroy in the New Spain, he opened the Alameda in 1592. In addition, an important figure in this mural is Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz, she was the most important poet in the seventeen century and a Woman’s Rights defender. On the other hand, the painter Diego Rivera devoted half of his life to painting murals. In some cases his work was misunderstood and destroyed. For example this mural, when it was opened one archbishop denied to bless the Prado Hotel because the mural has the phrase â€Å"God does not exist†. This phrase was written on a paper that was held for Ignacio Ramirez, who was a free thinker. A consequence of this was diverse Catholic’s groups attacking the mural. To avoid the damage it was covered for eight years until 1956, when it was showed again after the painter had already changed the phrase to â€Å"Conferencia de Arteletra de ano 1836†. In the second stage of the mural Diego Rivera painted Mexico as an Independent country. He also painted the figure of Antonio Lopez de Santana, who was general and political figure; he was president of Mexico for eleven years between 1833 and 1855. Next to Santana appears the Gral. Winfield Scott invaded Mexico in 1846, comanded his troops to occupy the Alameda during the invasion. Nonetheless, in the same section we have a mystery, some people question why Diego Rivera did not paint the principal figures of Mexico’s Independence. For example, Miguel Hidalgo and Morelos he did not consider them important figures, instead he chose the face of Iturbide who was in the Spanish military. Iturbide helped and supported the Independence of Mexico and was emperor of Mexico for ten months. In addition is important to mention that Diego Rivera in his mural mixed characters from history and folk. For example, the old man who was sleeping. In any event, Diego Rivera liked to present the history of Mexico in his murals. Other stages he represented were the reform and imperialism, Diego Rivera painted the character of Benito Juarez holding a role, in it is a phrase about respect. Among other people in the mural that is presented are Maximiliano and his wife Carlota. He was emperor of Mexico, during his period Carlota remodeled the Alameda because it was in bad condition. The reform was related with Benito Juarez and Imperialism was releated with Maximiliano de Hasburgo. Finally, the artist expressed the Porfiriato. It was denoted by the newspaper â€Å"EL IMPARCIAL† one of the most important newspapers in those years. Therefore, the mural has a lot of details and symbolism that focuses on the claim of Indigenas and on the social classes. For this reason, is important know that the mural was painted during the presidency of Miguel Aleman in Mexico. This period was relevant because he fought against the social classes such as Diego Rivera. He was also interested in the equality between the workers and entrepreneurs. Another important event was the reform of the third article in the constitution. In consequence, a lot of places like Bellas Artes and other important culture centers was remodeled and opened for all the people. Also, this reform prevented and combated the illiteracy in Mexico. The liberty of expression by the artist given more respect and artists like Diego Rivera could paint murals about the government and the injustice he experience from the government without a problem, except for some religious groups. In fact, this mural is an inspiration for all the Mexicans because it represented the most important events in the Mexican history. Also, this mural symbolizes all the people that fought for a better country in the different stages of the Mexican history. For example Benito Juarez, who was president of Mexico and established the Reform Laws. In the same way, Diego Rivera expressed his opinion about the injustice that some groups were subject to. Also the artist illustrated a day in la Alameda Central, one of the most important places in Mexico City. The placement of his mural was seen as an advantage, because it is in Palacio National the home of experts and critics in history, politic and art. For this reason Diego Rivera and his mural are an important piece for represent the pace and justice in Mexico.

Saturday, September 28, 2019

Comparative International Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Comparative International Management - Essay Example el is closer to the model of collectivism  described by Hofstede  which leads to find some features of Rhineland capitalism in other cultural contexts, whether Asian or North American. Rhine model of capitalism does not support American ideas of individualistic goals and ruthless corporate entities; rather it places great emphasis on strengthening social cohesion. Rhineland model believes in a harmonious collaboration between governments, workers and employers. Anglo-Saxon Model The Anglo-Saxon neoliberalism was coined in 1930s which appeared in contrast to the then prevailing Fabian socialism. Anglo-Saxon represents a neo-liberal social and economic model of democratic intervention in the economy. In Anglo-Saxon model, the planning of the economic process is assigned to the utopian social engineering. In Anglo-Saxon model government intervention leads to increasing restriction of individual freedom through authoritarian orders, prohibitions and regulations (Nobes, 2003). The res triction of economic freedom is not separable from the restriction of political freedom. Comparative Analysis of the Two Economic Models Albert (1991) is of the opining that major differentiation exists between two types of capitalism – the Anglo-Saxon capitalism and the Rhineland capitalism.  The Anglo-Saxon capitalism is presented by Albert (1999) as extremely liberal, based only on criteria of supply and demand.  The shareholders are the law firms, and they only want one thing: profitability.  Whatever the means, the key is to maximize profits, even if only to see that in the short term.  The Anglo-Saxon capitalism does not accommodate regulations that prevent companies have their way.  That is why Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan have both worked to deregulate the economy at all... The paper critically evaluated the argument of Albert that Anglo-Saxon model will ultimately outperform the superior Rhine model. The analysis of these arguments is carried out in the context of economic theories and work of other prominent economists and researchers. It is concluded that Rhine model has been traditionally supported by thinkers because it stands on a moral high ground making it necessary for the society to look after the interest of the individual and to provide safety framework for weaker components of the society. Yet, Anglo-Saxon model is found to outperform Rhine model due to individual drive and motivation for gaining personal benefits. Thus, the thesis of Albert is supported by contemporary economic research and it is found that Anglo-Saxon model is anticipated to outperform Rhine model. This paper makes a conclusion that the progress of individualism finds expression in the demographic decline of the Rhine countries. The consequences were disastrous for the economy in every way and it destroys the basis of social solidarity and community. Under Rhine model of capitalism, governments are almost always afraid of being misunderstood and insecure in the face validity of the measures coming into question. Along with the influence of individualization, there are losses caused by trade unions and collective bargaining. According to Albert, this economic model produces less productivity because it is characterized by traditional career plans in favor of clear success-oriented career opportunities following the American example of the young graduates.

Friday, September 27, 2019

Canadian Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Canadian Politics - Essay Example This issue has also appeared in Canada. The country’s governance has structured in such way that all key decisions are taken by parliament; however, actions that are opposed to the country’s parliamentary system have not been avoided. At this point, the following dilemma has been set: should the power of the judiciary and the executive in Canada be controlled so that the power of the country’s parliamentary system to be adequately protected? It is argued that the limitation of the power of judiciary and executive in Canada would be quite necessary in order to ensure that democracy in the country is sufficiently promoted. The above argument is justified and appropriately backed by referring to the relevant literature. Particular emphasis is given on the power of parties and the judiciary to define the terms on which parliamentary decisions in Canada are based. In the study of Charlton and Barker emphasis is given on the potential limitation of the party discipline in Canada, so that the freedom of the members of the parliament to be increased. Reference is made to two, opposite, views. Kilgour, Kirsner and McConnell, note that party discipline in Canada should be reduced, or even eliminated, since it reduces the power of the members of the parliament to vote independently in regard to the issues brought to the parliament for discussion and verification. The party discipline, as applied in the parliamentary system of Canada, means that the members of the parliament have to align their vote with the decisions of their party (Charlton and Barker 2009, p.217), a rule that has caused strong oppositions by the members of the Canadian parliament. Kilgour has been a member of the Canadian parliament since 1979 (Charlton and Barker, 2009, p.217); in 1990 he voted against a bill of his party (Conservatives) in regard to the authorization of Goods and Services Tax (Charlton and Barker 2009, p.217). As a result of the above decision, ‘he was expel led by his party’ (Charlton and Barker 2009). Due to the above fact, he decided to join the Liberal Party (Charlton and Barker 2009). In 2005 he decided to continue his career as an independent member of the parliament, especially due to a claim for ‘governmental failures in using appropriately the funds related to a sponsorship program in Quebec’ (Charlton and Barker 2009, p.217). The case of Kilgour shows that party discipline, as currently applied in Canada, prohibits MPs to criticize the decisions of their parties, even if the indications for failures related to party initiatives are many. In other words, party discipline in Canada should be significantly reduced, only applied in certain cases, or, if possible, eliminated, allowing the development of opposing views within the parliament. In this way, the quality of democracy in the specific country would be improved (Kilgour, Kirsner and McConnell, in Charlton and Barker 2009, p.218). In any case, the problem would not be whether the Canadian parliamentary system would become similar with the American Parliamentary system, where the members of the Congress have increased power to state their view (Charlton and Barker 2009, p.218), or not; instead, emphasis should be given on the level of democracy in Canada, as reflected in the country’s parliamentary system. At the next level, the following issue should be highlighted: in each current form, the party discipline

Thursday, September 26, 2019

ED Clinical Pathways Improvement Evaluation in Saudi Arabia Research Proposal

ED Clinical Pathways Improvement Evaluation in Saudi Arabia - Research Proposal Example t the medical field in equal measures as the field of information communication and technology, as it continually undertakes research studies and development in order to improve service delivery that is aimed at improving the quality of life of patients with chronic illnesses and shorten the healing process of patients with treatable diseases and injuries. One such example that demonstrates how practitioners in the medical field work towards improving their service delivery is the through the clinical pathways, which is described by Poirrier and Oberleitner (1999) as â€Å"one of the main tools that are normally used in the healthcare sector to manage the quality of service delivery through standardization of medical care procedure and/ or processes.† With reference to the writings by Sorensen and Iedema (2011), clinical pathways have been referred to as medical guidelines of which when there are implemented in healthcare set-ups they normally lead to a reduction in the level of variability in clinical practices and they are capable of improving the quality of health, and hence the outcomes on patients’ recovery process. Snyder and Gauthier (2008) wrote that considering these pathways are developed and agreed upon by medical practitioners it means that they are able to promote organized and efficient healthcare practices that are based on evidence and validated outcomes. Lastly, Howick (2011) wrote that clinical pathways have been lauded for the fact that they optimize the outcomes in home care settings and even in acute care. It is important to note that normally these clinical pathways normally undergo periodic improvements or updates which most of the time reflect the advancements in the ICT sector, and they are normall y designed to improve the quality of healthcare and the outcomes of the recovery process. This present paper seeks to propose a study that is focused on investigating the extent to which physicians and nurses who have been trained on the

Wednesday, September 25, 2019

New Gillette Razor Pricing For Asian Market Essay

New Gillette Razor Pricing For Asian Market - Essay Example Gillette Research and Development has engineered a new sanitary razor product, and Gillette Information Management aims to provide decision support for the purpose of pricing the new product. Here, we investigate the market for shaving products with respect to this endeavour. Gillette Information Management has collected 90 relevant observations. With that data, we produced the necessary descriptive statistics and histograms about price by gender, number of cartridge blades, and country of purchase. We apply the mean and median to describe the central tendency of data and the standard deviation to describe the variability of data (Table 1). The coefficient of variation compares variability across the sample (Table 1). The data is within the range of normal distribution because Kurtosis and Skewness are both between 2.0 and -2.0 (Table 1). Female razors constituted over 70% of the sample. They are an average of .36 more expensive than the entire sample. The coefficient of variation, Skewness and Kurtosis were all comparable to the sample at large (Table 2). Male razors are an average of .90 less expensive than the entire sample. Skewness and Kurtosis were all comparable to the sample at large, but the coefficient of variation was over 20 percentage points lower (Table 3). A histogram of the data reveals a dissimilar trend in the data where there are less logical bins than the female products prices and the yield. Each bin seems to have an outlying frequency, and the minimum is .80 lower than the yield’s (Figure 3). Our method is the application of descriptive statistics and histograms to answer the certain question that will assist us in determining the price. We note the data set is almost completely left-skewed. Most of the products are aimed at women so our packaging should target that demographic. The results are limited because of the high coefficient of variance of the yield.  

Tuesday, September 24, 2019

Linguistic Opportunism and English in Moldova Essay

Linguistic Opportunism and English in Moldova - Essay Example The author’s interests are clearly developed and the audience to this piece of work is easy to identify. This paper presents a synopsis of the book, alongside the writer’s intent. This is further compared and contrasted to similar and related literature referenced in the book. The book presents an examination of English in Moldova. Specifically, the position of English in the country can be sated from different points of view. The writer’s procedural development of this book is a critical study of the specific components of English in Moldova. There are two major drivers of English in Moldova as identified by Matthew Ciscel. These are opportunism and imperialism (Ciscel, 2002, p.404). The writer follows revolutionary times across history to draw the trend of English in Moldova, with opportunism appearing superior to imperialism. A comparison of past and present social, economic and political trends in the local and international arena paves way to the actual cont ext of English in Moldova. Opportunism is a situation where individuals and /or groups take advantage of emerging opportunities without necessarily taking into account the consequences of those opportunities to others. In other words, these individuals and/or groups maximize their own benefits without prior consideration of the rest of the people. Imperialism on the other hand depicts a colonial-like aspect between one state and another. The author’s main argument is that the above two factors have shaped English in Moldova. This statement may stand challenged, but of course the author had taken this into account during the early stages of developing his book. Ciscel therefore undertook surveys, collecting and analysing relevant data to back up this claim. This was done in the light of world English trends. As aforementioned, the international language is predominantly English. This has suppressed other major world languages around the world. This trend was however expected r ight from the colonial times. This is because major colonies in the world were colonized by English states, for example Britain. The book Linguistic opportunism and English in Moldova therefore takes into account this and other world aspects to highlight linguistic concerns and interests in Moldova. The writer’s intent to the reader is to present how linguistics has constituted exploitation and beneficial opportunities for a few at the expense of many. In this regard, English in Moldova has been integrated into the same context, encompassing imperialism as well. This effort has not been pursued without the support of other works that have been referenced in Ciscel’s book. The investigation of the role of English in Moldova by Matthew Ciscel is backed up by Phillipson’s (1992) and Krachu’s (1985) works. Concepts of linguistic opportunism and linguistic imperialism are highlighted. The work of Krachu goes a step ahead and considers the world â€Å"Englishe s† in concentric circles. The works of these three writers converge to the point that English in Moldova among other states in the world is primarily based on the concept of linguistic opportunism. In this regard, linguistic dominance is realized and further enhanced by imperialism in the same context. The evidence used to back up this observation is common to all three. There is data collection, analysis and interpretation in relation to attitude and use of language in Moldova (Ciscel, 2002, p.412). The work of Matthew Ciscel alongside those of the

Monday, September 23, 2019

Contemporary Future Trends Executive Memo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Contemporary Future Trends Executive Memo - Essay Example A common tendency however is to think that current crime trends and violence in prisons and such issues are contemporary because of some social criteria that causes these problems. Security over the years has evolved to a commercial business. Most people have realized the need for commercial security. (Bayley and Shearing, 2001), illustrated on their report that majority of investors who invested in the security industry have got their investment in double. It is important to note that the knowledge, regulation and the impact private security has over the community is evolving daily. While some people have shown interest in the current and future industry trends, the majorities are still fond and prefer the traditional blue-colored police force services (Manning, 2005). The privatization of the security industry is a very delicate matter and if not handled wisely could lead to polarization of security agencies, segregation of some communities especially the marginalized groups. In order to stay informed on the recent developments and trends, it is important to observe its effects on the contemporary world. In keeping up with the current trends, law enforcement agencies and courts have as well been highly influenced to shape up according to the contemporary social expectations. Much influence has been from Hollywood films and television shows. Television shows such as Boston Legal, Law & Order and the like are a major influence on the emerging trends in the courts and Law enforcement. Countries like Russia have eventually adopted the jury system and a lot of credit goes to the television films on the importance of the jury system. It is important for policymakers to decide on the best and most effective way to implement laws and policies and ensure that the social trends expected by the society. There also should be an evaluation of the best approach to take so that a community

Sunday, September 22, 2019

Illegal Immigration Essay Example for Free

Illegal Immigration Essay One of the reasons of implementing the US immigration policy is to control and protect America’s national borders. The US border patrol controls and protects international state lines in the effort to arrest any individuals making attempts to enter the US illegally. Illegal immigration attempts are predominant on the border between the US and Mexico. In the past 20 years, economic recession in Mexico has contributed to increase illegal entries or attempts to the same by the Mexicans. Consequently, political sensitivity about illegal immigration that has been brought by Mexico’s poor economic performance has made the US government to dramatically improve the efforts aimed at increasing security at the US- Mexico border. Most illegal immigrants are seen to move from Mexican border cities to US Border States as their final destination. According to Hanson, Robertson and Spilimbergo, border patrol officers have had to spend more hours policing the Mexican border with an increase of up to 5. million hours in 1997 from 1. 8 million hours in 1977 (2002). Border regions are mostly affected by situations caused by illegal immigration. For example, illegal immigration has the likelihood of affecting border markets. Such markets include Southern California, Mexican cities on the US-Mexico borders and South Western Texas (Hanson, Robertson and Spilimbergo, 2002). Illegal immigration has both negative and positive results to the socio-economic status of the US. Effects of Illegal Immigration Hanson, Robertson and Spilimbergo claim that immigration leads to the reduction of wages of US workers. The rise in immigration cases has resulted in low skilled immigrants and low skilled US workers competing for jobs. Moreover, immigrants are ready to take up any jobs leaving the low skilled US workers to settle for the remaining jobs (Hanson, Robertson and Spilimbergo, 2002). Findings by Hanson, Robertson and Spilimbergo indicate that border enforcement deters illegal immigrants whose entry has impacts on the labor markets in the US border areas. According to these findings, border regions can minimize illegal immigration without necessarily changing the native wages or even moving the natives from border regions or discouraging them to move to the border areas (Hanson, Robertson and Spilimbergo, 2002). Border economies may also be forced to shift to industries that are dependent on the skills of arriving immigrants so that low skilled labor can be secured for both US natives and immigrants (2002). Illegal immigrants are seen to add to the problem of public health that is already an issue that needs attention and review in the US. Attention is focused on the recent developments that allow immigrants to use public programs such as heath insurance. As per the 2000 census, 1 in every 5 children is an immigrant family member in the largely dispersed immigrant families in America. The immigration statuses of parents and children may also differ with up to 10% of immigrant children living in families of mixed status hence creating complexity. There are non-citizen parents who live with citizen children as their main caregivers. The citizen children may be denied health insurance due to their parents’ citizenship and this may affect the health of both parents and children despite them being Americans (Paiti and Danagoulian, 2008). It is important to note that poor health of immigrants’ children will eventually have a significant effect on the socio-economic future of every American. According to Paiti and Danagoulian, foreign born children in the US do not depend on public health insurance schemes compared to those born in the US despite the reverse of the rule on public charge. The increased likelihood of foreign born children to be uninsured, to live in poverty and to have parents who have less than high school formal education is a contributing factor to the poor living conditions. The parents’ poor economic abilities create future projections of low abilities of immigrant children to be economically productive members of the labor force in America (Paiti Danagoulian, 2008). Today, USA claims that about 7 million illegal immigrants do not have medical insurance due to legal restrictions. In addition, 366,000 of the immigrants buy insurance policies from private companies. A publication on USA today named â€Å"Everyone Benefits if Illegal Immigrants are insured† claimed that just as in automobile insurance, the US public would benefit from premiums paid by illegal immigrants by collecting the surplus using it to provide better health care to the US citizens (USA Today, 2009). Illegal immigration is wrong and it should be stopped, but in the meantime, the country should benefit from having illegal aliens around before inventing ways of stopping the practice in order to create a win-win in the situation. In addition to border patrols and the deportation of captured aliens, the introduction of an Immigration and Control Act in 1986 helped in controlling illegal immigration (Pearce and Hill, 1990). According to Pearce Hill, â€Å"immigration law will reduce employment of illegal aliens in some parts of the economy but not in others†. However, limitations in the US budget will force authorities â€Å"to focus their enforcement efforts on industries with a large concentration of illegals at an individual business establishment† (1990, pp. 43). Prior to the act, employers hired illegal immigrants knowingly as they would face no penalty. Since this law, there has been a registered decline in border crossings in most entry points and more illegal immigrants finding it hard to get jobs. Although the reform process is done by high skilled professionals, sanctions will improve the standard of living of low skill laborers even though to a small extent. Pearce and Hill suggest that substantial improvement in the real wages of legal and less skilled laborers will occur if sanctions are fully executed. In addition, legal and illegal low skill labor should be subject to substitution. The law must also be accurately applied to achieve benefits of sanctions (Pearce Hill, 1990). The Economist reports that critics fear the influx of Hispanic immigrants, who enter the US illegally, take up jobs and move into different parts of the country, are able to create two nations (2005). The illegal Latino immigrants take up common jobs in construction, distribution and food industry that is well needed for economic growth of the cities they occupy. Immigrants are seen to be assimilated into the US by almost becoming like everyone else in the US. They now become citizens, pay taxes, enlist in the army, participate in politics and even speak English (The Economist, 2005). Despite fears of critiques of the negative effects of immigration, positive outcomes have also been observed from the same which is an important input to America. Conclusion Immigrants to the US have been seen to continue gaining access illegally despite the introduction of more sophisticated patrols at entry points. The introduction of labor laws that protect legal workforce in the US continues to protect low skilled laborers. However, better laws ought to be formulated to ensure that workers do not receive wages that are beneath their ability to sustain a comfortable life. In addition, illegal immigrant families should be assisted to take care of their offspring who are American citizens by acquiring medical insurance and other facilities as it has proven to be beneficial to the American populace. Socio-economic benefits accrued from the inclusion of immigrants in the social programs of America should also be observed as a positive contribution to the society.

Saturday, September 21, 2019

Brown V. Board of Education Essay Example for Free

Brown V. Board of Education Essay Brown v Board of Education is a historical landmark case that dismantled segregation laws and established a great milestone in the movement toward true equality. The Supreme Courts unanimously decided on Brown v. Board of Education that separate but equal is inherently unequal. Ruling that no state had the power to pass a law that deprived anyone from his or her 14th amendment rights. For my historical analysis I will use Richard Kluger’s â€Å"Simple Justice†, in which he argues, â€Å"that the Declaration of Independence was marred by hypocrisy—all men were not equal if black†. His book will assist me in learning the policies that lead to and surrounded this case. Using interviews I conducted, where I questioned inner city high school students of their schooling experience in comparison to my brother who attends a predominately white privileged private school, I will ultimately uncover the many inequalities that still exist today. While researching I interviewed my great-Aunt Bertha, who grew up in the state of Mississippi, she had a first-hand experience of life before Brown v Board of Education and life after the Supreme Court ruled on the case, her life was changed forever. My research will focus on not only a historical analysis of what occurred, but how far America has claimed to truly come in dealings with race relations, and the inequalities that still exist today. The American Civil War was fought from 1861 to 1865 between the United States also known as the â€Å"Union† and the few southern states that announced their separation from the United States known as the â€Å"Confederates†. The war was based mainly on differing opinions on the issue of slavery. The war lasted about four years and the results yielded in the Confederacy being defeated by the Union. Upon defeating the Confederates, the Union abolished slavery. From that moment on the process of rebuilding the Union as a strong united nation began. This Union was to guarantee freedom to slaves and began the process of having former slaves obtain rights entitled to all citizens. Once the Civil War had ended, so did the policy of legal slavery. However former Confederate leaders did not intend on allowing the former slaves to have all the same rights as whites nor did they intend for former slaves to be counted equally as citizens. Just before the end of the war, congress had passed the Morrill Act of 1862. This act was to provide for federal funding of higher education. Former slave-holding states decided to find loop holes in allowing former slaves to benefit from the new federal funding as they were not ready to asked them as citizens or even human for that matter. Post-Civil War, the fourteenth amendment to the United States Constitution granted equal protection under the law to all citizens. Although the amendment was put into effect Congress knew the transition from slave to citizen with a hand full of rights would be difficult for former slaves so to help with the transition process Congress created the Freedmen’s Bureau. This program was created to assist in the integration of former slave into society as citizens. At the end of the reconstruction period in 1877 former Confederate states implemented random laws that would blatantly go against the federal law and the constitutional right granted b y the 14th amendment to all including African Americans for equal treatment under the law. Southern state believed they could somehow obey federal orders by having equality yet keeping order by having races remain separate. For many years the court at both state and federal level claimed the 14th amendment applied only to federal, not state, citizenship, therefore they had no control over how a state thought to treat or label an African American on their land. This was proven true of the court in the 1863 Civil Rights Case heard before the Supreme Court. This case was made up of five lower level court cases and made into one because they all had the same claim. In this case The Court held that Congress lacked the constitutional authority under the enforcement provisions of the Fourteenth Amendment to outlaw racial discrimination by private individuals and organizations, rather than state and local governments. After the end of Reconstruction, the federal government generally did not hear racial segregation cases instead advising the issue be left up to each individual state to handle. In understanding Brown v Board of Education one must first understand a little about Plessey v Ferguson. The issue in this case was can the states constitutionally enact legislation requiring persons of different races to use â€Å"separate but equal† segregated facilities? And the Court ruled, yes. The states can constitutionally enact legislation requiring persons of different races to use â€Å"separate but equal† segregated facilities, this coming from the highest Court of the land. The trouble with this ideology was that it is contradictory even in its simplest form. Although the Constitution required equality, the facilities and social services offered to African-Americans were almost always of lower quality than those offered to white Americans; for example, many African American schools received less public funding per student than nearby white schools. Public water fountains, which were label â€Å"colored†, were always of lower quality than those labeled for â€Å"whites†. Life went on lived with this flawed idea of serrate equality for many years creating an inferior class of citizens, black were at the bottom and therefore not equal. Many people have tried to challenge the â€Å"separate but equal† rule but most went unheard and those that were heard failed have a change occur. Eventually in 1954 a case did make it on the Supreme Court docket, that case was Linda Brown v. Board of Education. Brown v Board of Education asked the Supreme Court to answer the question of does the segregation of children in public schools s olely on the basis of race deprive the minority children of the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the 14th Amendment? Blacks wanted justice and wanted this question to be answered and clarified for all the nation that they too are people entitle to all the same rights as whites. Thurgood Marshall was one of leading attorney, and civil rights activists, who fought against the segregation laws and policies that were violating the rights of African Americans, especially the children. Kulger â€Å"†¦the African Americans were going to ask equal treatment from top to bottom; buses, buildings, teachers, teacher’s salaries, teaching materials. Everything the same. Anything less was patently in violation of the Fourteenth amendement, Thurgood Marshall explained. â€Å" (18) Thurgood Marshall was one of leading attorney, and civil rights activists, who fought against the segregation laws and policies that were violating the rights of African Americans, especially the children. Kulger Black children were denied admission to public schools attended by white children under laws requiring or permitting segregation according to the races. Linda Browns father though it to be insane that just based solely on the color of his daughters skin she would have to travel really far across train tracks to go to the black only school when they lived near by a school that happened to be labeled whites only. The National Association of the Advancement of Colored People picked up his case, making Linda Brown the poster girl for the cause; She was the embodiment of young black students that were not getting an adequate education that they are entitled to. Brown embellished the ideal look of an average, young, innocent girl, just trying to go to school like any other White child would. The NAACP hired a team of lawyers and civil rights activist to petition the court to hear out the constitutionality of this issue. The lawyers on the case complied many other cases into the same bulk because they all asked of the court the same question, which was the constitutionality of the separate but equal. The Supreme Court ultimately decided in favor of Brown and cited, â€Å"despite the equalization of the schools by objective factors, intangible issues foster and maintain inequality. Racial segregation in public education has a detrimental effect on minority children because it is interpreted as a sign of inferiority. The long-held doctrine that separate facilities were permissible provided they were equal was rejected. Separate but equal is inherently unequal in the context of public education.† This decision called for an end to all state maintained racial segregation. Although the legal end was called for the mentality of many remained the same some going so far as to verbally and physically torture blacks that would dare utilize the same facilities as whites. Brown v Board of Education was decided in 1954 approximately 60 years ago but the strong effects of life before the decision still live on today even in the State of New York which is known to be progressive and libe ral I find myself surround by many disparities. Within the New York Public school system for example. Although we are not literally labeled certain schools as a black school or a white schools the idea of zoning children into schools based on their address is just the new form of â€Å"separate but equal† in my eyes. I had the pleasure of interviewing a fellow political science major at The City College of New York. John Miller shared with me his experience within the New York City public school system, where he was educated until his graduation from high school or as he called it â€Å"aging out† of the system. John described in detail his experience of never having shared a classroom with a white person before enrolling at City College. John was born and raised in the Bedford Stuyvesant section of Brooklyn, New York. Bedford Stuyvesant is widely known as the black cultural mecca of Brooklyn, similar to what Harlem is to Manhattan. He explained to me the way New York City public school system works from kindergarten through 9th grade. Children are assigned a school tha t is in close proximity to their neighborhood. If they don’t like the school they are assigned to, which many do not, the answer from authority figures is â€Å"tough luck† or simply â€Å"move†. Unfortunately John was one of the students that had to stay in his underfunded school. He also told me about his best friend who was one of the lucky few that gained admission into a charter school (which seems to be the only way out of the failed Bedstuy public schools) in downtown Brooklyn. His friend was admitted into the school because his mother’s employer noticed what she felt was great intelligence for someone whose mother was a simple housekeeper. While he spent the day watching his mother clean her house she simply made a phone call to one of her friends who happened to be a big donor to the charter school and in just a few weeks he was being bussed to a 21st century private charter school. He was one of the lucky few to made it out. Miller is now at the University of Chicago studying biology, I hope of becoming a doctor. Most of their childhood friends from the neighborhood are either in prison most for crimes of necessity given their unfortunate circumstances. He described how another friend would frequently steal from the local grocery story to supply his family with food. Miller would like to point out that he is not trying to create excuses for the crimes committed, however he is sympathetic to their reasoning. He is also not oblivious to the fact that not all the crimes his childhood friends are being incarcerated for are crime of necessity but rather some are crimes of pure boredom. He is not sure where to place blame or on who in either circumstance. The past stories accounts for the majority of the men John knew but the women are not excluding from this group of underachievers. Most became pregnant at an extremely early age giving birth to children out of wedlock. They gave birth with the expectation that there is always â€Å"food stamps/welfare† I don’t need a job† while others are working dead end jobs making minimum wage. In his community education is clearly not something to value and I would make the claim that it is because from kindergarten the schools in this community are underfunded and have teacher who don’t care working in the system. If the teachers don’t care neither will the students and so the cycle continues. Was this system plan and created by our white socioeconomic counter part? We were taught to believe Brown v Board of Education would change our lives forever. Once the high Court made the claim that â€Å"separate but equal† actually was impossible to accomplish and an oxymoron within itself. Mississippi was so defiant towards the Brown v. Board of Education case, schools in the state refused to integrate. Therefore the federal courts in 1969 had to modify the Mississippi â€Å"desegregation order†. People still had their racist ideologies and even today 4 of the schools are â€Å"single-raced†, although it is legally outlawed. My aunt Bertha was a student in the Mississippi public school system in the year prior to and post Brown v. Board of education. She vividly recalls sitting with her family around a radio and hearing the Chief Justice announce the courts decision to declare â€Å"separate but equal† unconstitutional. Making separate schools for whites and black she thought would immediately become a something of the past. She admits to being very nervous yet excited about the idea of going to schools that white people would also go to. She even recalls telling her dad â€Å"maybe we wont have to share books anymore† pointing to the fact that her school was so underfunded and there weren’t enough books to go around. Bertha says 2 years after the decision was handed down by the court she remained a student at a school on the east side of the track which were for black and the whites remained enrolled in the other school. She visits once a year now for her high school reunion and is just now starting to notice some integration almost 60 plus years later the principle proudly announced we â€Å"now have a white population of 2.3 percent† although she was proudly to see Brown v. Education being implemented into her hometown she still is saddened by the fact that people of color on her side of the track could potentially go through life without ever having much interaction with the other race if they so chose. This saddens her because we are now living in 2012 and our President is black however whites and some blacks still seem very uncomfortable with they idea of being together, not just in the classroom but also in all aspects of life. â€Å"Segregation was an unmitigated evil, and no black man anywhere in America was free of its scar so long as the Supreme Court tolerated it† (290) We are still living in a systematic world of segregation in the New York City School System in the public and private sector. Schools where most of the students are minorities get underfunded. Is this a problem of economics? Distribution? Or an ongoing internal racism that often gets ignored? BIBLIOGRAPHY Kluger, Richard. Simple Justice: The History of Brown v. Board of Education and Black Americas Struggle for Equality. New York: Vintage, 2004. Print. Mississippi Schools Still Segregated Despite Court Order. Breaking News for Black America RSS. NewsOne Staff, 4 May 2011. Web. 18 Dec. 2012. Miller, J (2012, 5 October) Personal Interview Moore, B (2012 15, October) Telephone Interview

Friday, September 20, 2019

The Leadership Of King Fahd Leadership Essay

The Leadership Of King Fahd Leadership Essay There are different types of leadership styles of which there are three main ones. There is the laissez faire where the leader spends little time supervising or paying much attention to what the people he is leading are doing. The second one is the autocratic leadership where the leader dictates when to and allows little or no room for other peoples views. The leader only wants his way done. This has fallen out of popularity in many countries although a few leaders in some countries are still practicing it. The third foam of leadership style is the participative leadership style where it is the middle ground of the laissez and the autocratic types of leadership styles. In this case, the leader allows the people to give their views but is at the same time in control and puts his/her stand where need be. This is the type of leadership most countries have adopted. Other types of leadership might come out as we move on. King Fahd bin Abdul Aziz was the king of Saudi Arabia from the 13th of June the year 1982 to the 1st of August the year 2005 although he stopped performing his full duties in November 1995 after suffering from a stroke. He was born on the 16th of March in the year 1921 and died on the 1st of August 2005. His parents were Amir Abdul Aziz who was the father and Hessa Bint Ahmed Alsudairy as the mother. He was the tent child out of the 45 children born by the 22 wives. King Fahd was also the custodian of the two holy mosques. King Fahd is known for having improved the living standards of the Saudis. He brought a lot of improvement in education especially to the girl child. He was a man who believed in balancing all aspects of life i.e. spiritual, physical, mental, and psychological. He served as a prince and a king to the Saudis (http://www.kingfahdbinabdulaziz.com/). His management theory and concepts King Fahds type of leadership can probably be categorized as the participative leadership. He ensured that Saudi Arabias infrastructure was improved, brought about more industries, made his state to be more modern, brought fairness to the ones who were being treated unfairly, defended the weak and feeble against the ones who were mighty and ruthless and much more. King Fahd was known to be generous for he provided aid and assistance where needed (Northouse, 2009). As a leader, he ensured that he put the interests of the people he led first. Saudis are Muslims and so he fully demonstrated that Islam is a religion that can be practiced all the time and by anybody as long as they wished to join Islam. He would listen to the people and establish what their problems, weaknesses; difficulties, wants and needs were (Winkler, 2009). It was not all easy in his leadership period. Putting up national educational system was a very demanding mission. Most pest people were hardly literate except for the religious scholars. To make this mission complete, he combined the vision he had that all the children would be able to access a good education and the determination he had to make that work although he was not highly experienced at the time. Saudi Arabias revenue grew and so this made it easier for him as there was no limitation of finances. He presented good leadership qualities as some leaders used the increment of finances to enrich their selves or even mismanaged the finances putting the country at a disadvantage later. Though some people, especially those who were nomadic and those who practiced agriculture were reluctant at first, they later came to accept education and thus Saudi Arabia has greatly developed (http://www.ameinfo.com/king_fahd_bin_abdul_aziz_al_saud/). King Fahd is also remembered for his great contribution to health matters. He brought free health services to the Saudis. This service was given to those inside and outside the kingdom. This was quite an achievement and a good show of leadership skills as most countries did not offer this service free. This contributed many losses of lives especially to those who were not able to access this service. Hospitals were expanded and more built in order to cater for the growing number of the Saudis. Apart from expanding and building more hospitals, he ensured that the medical practitioners were adequate in order to facilitate the free medical services. The hospitals and health centers were also equipped which was overseen by the health ministry. Some leaders provided free medical services for citizens in a country but fail to provide enough health facilities like hospitals, health centers, medical practitioners, medical equipment etc. making the free service end not being free as intended. This was a great achievement on King Fahds part. King Fahd provided social services that were made to cater for the imbalances raise the living standards among the Saudis and cater for any other deficiency in the population. He provided social activities that enabled the citizens to rely on themselves. This would ease the load on the government to take care of all its citizens. He made the citizens realize that they could cater for their daily needs by practicing agriculture using irrigation, do art for those who were talented in that area etc. instead of waiting for the government to employ each and every individual. Saudi Arabia, there are 173 benevolent societies. 20 of these societies belong to women of which the king highly supported. The kings government supported these societies by ensuring that they were given subsidies. The societies helped the less fortunate, physically and mentally challenged, the widows etc. the king also introduced a compulsory medical scheme which catered for the medical and retirement of the employees. This scheme was known as the General Organization for Social Insurance. The General Presidency for Youth Welfare has been active in the growth of sport in the kingdom. It was and is still responsible for the building and maintenance of sport arenas, youth hostels, sport medical hospitals, sport clubs, an international stadium etc. he greatly supported the involvement of youth in sports and was even a member of the Olympic movement themselves. This showed his love for the growth of the young people unlike other leaders who only exploited the young people and never gave them their dues. This greatly discouraged and killed the young people morale and talent. These young people either ended up in drugs, theft and burglary or hopeless. Most people see as if the Muslim woman is less regarded or looked down upon but this is not so. The Koran allows the woman to inherit or own property before and after marriage. In 1960, the government introduced a programme for the education of girls and by the mid 1970s; half of the girls in Saudi Arabia were going to school. When King Fahd was on the throne, his government highly encouraged more girls to go to school which enabled them to be competitive with their peer boys. Under his reign, the woman has been encouraged to take careers that were previously dominated by men like medicine, teaching, engineering, piloting, broadcasting, etc. This was a great achievement as most countries were experiencing such challenges. The King also played a major role in the development of Saudis economy. Saudi Arabia is well known for its rich oil reserves. It holds 25% of the oil reserves in the world. The kings government attempted to control the oil market in order to make sure the producer and the consumer of the oil were balanced and there was no one oppressing the other. The improvement of agriculture has greatly improved Saudis economy. The cultivation areas almost doubled during King Fahds reign. The citizens were highly encouraged to do more cultivation although Saudi is quite a dry land. The government offered and still offers interest free loans, financial help to farming projects and other foams of assistance just to help the farmers and make farming much easier. Agriculture played and still plays a great role in the Saudis economy (Bush, 2003). Saudi Arabia does not have a lot of water sources like many countries as it is located in the Middle East which is a dry area. King Fahd ensured that the water supply was kept constant by having water desalination, dams and reservoirs put up, and even recycling of sewage to make pure and clean water. This water was also used for irrigation of which many countries which experienced frequent rainy seasons were unable to do and therefore experienced drought when rain failed to pour as expected in a certain season. His weaknesses King Fahd was not entirely perfect. He had his weaknesses as a leader and as a person. Due to his strict belief in Islam, no single Christian church or Jewish synagogue was allowed on the Saudi soil. The Saudis were expected to follow the Muslim way of life both at home and abroad. This was not fair as it denied the citizens the freedom of worship. The Abdul Aziz kingdom was only restricted to the northern and eastern parts of Arabia (http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/Fahd.html). Though he was hard-working, he would sometimes suddenly take caravans and go for a luxurious holiday for weeks or even keep important people both locally and abroad waiting for hours because he had stayed up too late the previous night. He did not learn enough English in his lifetime so he had to use an interpreter to communicate in international meetings or where Arabic was not known by everyone. Conclusion King Fahd was a good leader that other leaders should emulate. He greatly contributed to the current Saudi Arabia status. He tried to fulfill most of the promises he made bring Saudi up in competition with the rest of the world. Despite his weaknesses, he was a great leader. He possesses a challenge to other countries that are advantaged in regard to rainfall due to the countrys agricultural development.

Thursday, September 19, 2019

Irrigating Crops With Seawater :: Freshwater Essays

Brown J. Jed, Glenn Edward P., and O’Leary James W. 1998. Irrigating Crops with Seawater. Scientific American. Irrigating Crops with Seawater'; talks about the global problem of finding enough water and land for the world’s population to survive. An estimated 494.2 million acres of cropland is needed just to feed the tropics and subtropics for the next 30 years. However, only close to 200 million acres are available. Therefore, new sources of water and land are needed to grow crops. The writers of this article have been testing the prospect of using seawater in agriculture. This seawater agriculture is when salt-tolerant crops are grown using ocean water for irrigation. Desert areas take up 43% of the surface of the earth and this new agriculture technique can be done in deserts. Hugo Boyko and Elisabeth Boyko first used seawater agriculture after World War II. Many different crops have been tested such as barley and the date palm. The writers of this article however have been testing halophytes, which, is a salt-tolerant plant that can be used for food, forage and oilseed crops. They f irst gathered several hundred halophytes and began testing these plants in the desert of Puerto Peà ±asco. They irrigated the plants daily by flooding the fields with seawater from the Gulf of California. The best halophytes produced roughly the yield of alfalfa using freshwater irrigation. In order to show that these halophytes could replace other crops for use they tested to see if the crops could feed livestock. The halophytes have protein and carbohydrates but they contain too much salt. This limits the amount an animal can eat and dilutes the nutritional value. Therefore, the authors decided to use the halophytes as part of a mixed diet for the livestock. The animals’ meat taste was not affected, but the animals eating the halophyte-mixed diet drank more water and produced 10 percent less meat.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This new agriculture method has many advantages too. First, it is cheaper to pump the seawater than to pump freshwater. In addition, seawater irrigation does not require any special equipment. The same fields have been irrigated for 10 years with no water buildup or salts in the root zone. Finally, installing the seawater irrigation will not disrupt the ecosystems as much because they are installed on barren or almost barren areas. There are also some disadvantages to irrigating crops with seawater. First, a large quantity of high-salt drainage water that will contain unused fertilizer will be discharged back into the sea.

Wednesday, September 18, 2019

Hamlet - Is there Indecision? Essay -- GCSE English Literature Coursew

     Ã‚  Ã‚   The Bard of Avon has in the character of Hamlet (in the tragedy of that name) a hero who has been accused of hesitation and indecisiveness. Are such accusations appropriate? L.C. Knights in â€Å"An Approach to Hamlet† explains the modern appeal of the tragedy in terms of the indecisiveness of its hero: Hamlet is a man who in the face of life and of death can make no affirmation, and it may well be that this irresolution – which goes far deeper than irresolution about the performance of a specific act – this fundamental doubt, explains the great appeal of the play in modern times. The point has been made by D.G. James in The Dream of Learning. Shakespeare’s play, he says, â€Å"is an image of modernity, of the soul without clear belief losing its way, and bringing itself and others to great distress and finally to disaster†; it is â€Å"a tragedy not of excessive thought but of defeated thought,† and Hamlet himself is â€Å"a man caught in ethical and metaphysical uncertainties.† Now I am sure that Mr. James is right in emphasizing the element of scepticism in Hamlet’s makeup – the weighing of alternative possibilities in such a way as to make choice between them virtually impossible [. . .] . (64)    Is there a connection between verbal hesitation and hesitation in action and decisions? Lawrence Danson in the essay â€Å"Tragic Alphabet† discusses the hesitation in action by the hero as related to his hesitation in speech:    To speak or act in a world where all speech and action are equivocal seeming is, for Hamlet, both perilous and demeaning, a kind of whoring. The whole vexed question of Hamlet’s delay ought, I believe, to be considered in light of this dilemma. To a man alienated from his society’s most basic symboli... ...ions: Hamlet. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1986. Rpt. from Tragic Form in Shakespeare. N.p.: Princeton University Press, 1972.    Rose, Mark. â€Å"Reforming the Role.† Modern Critical Interpretations: Hamlet. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1986. Rpt. from Homer to Brecht: The European Epic and Dramatic Traditions. Ed. Michael Seidel and Edward Mendelson. N.p.: Yale University Press, 1977.    Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1995. http://www.chemicool.com/Shakespeare/hamlet/full.html No line nos.    West, Rebecca. â€Å"A Court and World Infected by the Disease of Corruption.† Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Court and the Castle. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1957.         

Tuesday, September 17, 2019

Industry Analysis of the Coffee Industry Essay

Ex: A child’s toy available at a dollar store may be cheaper, but the quality may not be as great compared to a similar toy at a higher priced toy store. The company must market the value of the toy to the consumer rather than the price. Industry AnalysisThe Coffee Industry has been booming for years, but recently many new players have come onto the scene such as Caribou Coffee, Starbucks Coffee Co., and even Dunkin’ Donuts. Each company offers numerous different blends, flavors, and roasts, but each claims their own to have different qualities that appeal to different markets. The veteran of the bunch is actually Dunkin’ Donuts, which has been serving coffee, and various baked goods since 1950. The company was founded by Bill Rosenberg and has grown from five locations in 1954 to over 6,000 locations in 30 different countries. It is considered the largest coffee and baked goods chain in the world and is tagged by the slogan: † The Dunkin’ Difference†. Dunkin’ Donuts had seemingly monopolized the industry until Starbucks Coffee Company came along in 1971. Their mission:†To inspire and nurture the human spirit-one person, one cup, and one neighborhood at a time. â€Å"Howard Schultz joined on with Starbucks in 1982 as director of retail operations and began direct marketing to fine restaurants and espresso bars. By 1995 Starbucks had developed into a full-blown coffee company with its own line of glassware, coffee mugs, and even in store music sales. Today there are over 5,000 Starbucks locations in numerous different countries and a booming following of customers. Their target audience consists of a broad spectrum of Music, Art, and Coffee lovers which all can convene in a warm, musical atmosphere. Last but not least, the new comer to the scene, Caribou Coffee, which was established in 1992, based on the idea:†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦that if true passion, hard work and excellence go into an endeavor, the outcome will be a quality experience, and therefore rewarding.†Although a much smaller company, only comprised of around 500 locations, Caribou Coffee strives to create a unique experience for coffee drinkers that has that â€Å"aha momentâ₠¬  as they describe it. So if these three companies are obviously all selling coffee, why do they have very passionate followers, who would seemingly rather stop drinking coffee  than go to one of their competitors to get their morning jolt?Dunkin’ Donuts, like many other current companies are showing an enormous interest in the economic situations of their consumers. One of their current promotions is a â€Å"Free Turbo Shot† in any iced coffee purchased. Not only is the word FREE enticing it also offers some sort of financial relief and suddenly becomes a bargain in the eyes of their consumers. They are also very well known for their advertisements throughout the years, whether it is through the media in their numerous television commercials, or even in their print advertising in multiple magazines and coupons in newspapers. This is one of their key selling points over Starbucks because Starbucks as a company believes in word of mouth advertising rather than actual advertisements. Another campaign currently being run by Dunkin’ Donuts is for one lucky customer to create the company’s next donut. Not only are they getting their customers involved in creating the donut, they are allowing anyone with access to their stores and website to vote on the numerous entries in the contest. Although this may somewhat alienate a small portion of their clientele by creating a donut that not everyone likes they are able to take the mass market and narrow it down to what a large portion of their consumers are interested in seeing as a product. Although this is a great concept they are not the only company willing to include their consumers in their product production. Starbucks has a strong hold in many aspects of the coffee industry due to their intense strategic orientation as well as their product management. The company is not only very interested in what their customers have to say about their products, but also are interested in what their own employees have to say. They do frequent coffee and tea sample-tasting to develop not only buzz about the launch of their new products, but to get feed back on what should stay the same and what needs to be changed. Through this communal version of brainstorming Starbucks can better understand their consumers and their employees needs. Another huge selling point of the Starbucks brand is in fact the actual logo that represents the company. The green circle boldly stating STARBUCKS COFFEE around the picture of a singing Siren is known throughout the world. It has become one of the most recognized symbols in the world and is a great advertisement in and of  itself. Each Starbucks store also utilizes point of purchase marketing very efficiently. Throughout every store there are numerous signs and posters advertising upcoming sales on merchandise, new product lines, and even current products coupled with enticing pictures of not only their beverages but their delectable treats as well. Through something Starbucks likes to call the â€Å"Third Place† they are able to create a peaceful environment away from work and home that people can come to relax, enjoy great music, and even better coffee. Caribou Coffee is somewhat of a different breed. Dunkin’ Donuts focuses on the fast paced grab-n-go lifestyle, Starbucks is centered on tranquility and relaxation, but Caribou Coffee is all about adventure and exploration. Their founders actually created the company thanks to a trip through the Alaskan Wilderness, after a strenuous climb to the summit of a mountain. Their belief is that excellence is a product of hard work, and that life is too short for anything else. Caribou Coffee is not necessarily the cheapest coffee company around, but they definitely offer financially affordable drinks for people to enjoy. One of their current promotions is â€Å"Set Your Wild Free†, which is centered on their most recent launch of a line of â€Å"8 Delicious Wild Coolers†. It sticks to their adventurous theme as well as giving a little extra enticement to their new product line. So if these companies are doing so many things right through community involvement, Public Service Announcements, marketing their products, and creating a unique, and individualistic feeling in each store, what modifications can be made to their marketing tactics? First off Dunkin’ Donuts has proven to have longevity in their product due to their willingness to adapt and grow with their surroundings. They could however obtain an account planner in order to help them better understand other demographics that who they are currently marketing to. Maybe the inclusion of music selections in their stores, or even adding a few health conscious choices to their menu would boost their sales and increase their return on investment. Starbucks on the other hand who does feature in store CD selections as well as health conscious drink options needs to focus more on the financial side of their business. They need to begin taking into account  that the economy is in a slump, and even though they have a very marketable product, it will get them nowhere if the common man can’t afford to buy they products let alone consume them. I’m sure if they took a deeper look into their pricing and the actual cost of their product a happy medium could be obtained that would still benefit the company and the consumer as well. They also need to develop stronger marketing concepts that allow them to have more outside advertisements such as billboards, commercials, and maybe even coupons, which seem to be unheard of to the Starbucks brand. Finally, Caribou Coffee is actually in a great position to market their products because they have a great argument for opportunity cost to their consumers. They have a highly comparable product to the more pricey Starbucks line and are able to target a more accessible audience than the Starbucks brand. Marketing to the â€Å"every day Joe† will give them the opportunity to pull in people that may have never tried their coffee before but are willing to do so because of the price difference. Once discovering that their product is ironically similar to Starbucks in quality, but is more financially acceptable they are more likely to return as well as spread the word to others. In turn helping to increase revenue and benefiting the companies’ sales and popularity. In closing all three companies do a wonderful job of representing the coffee industry and have made millions marketing themselves as household names throughout the world. Slight adjustments for each company would allow them to grow and develop into even more productive companies that will prove to have great sustainability as well being dependable sources of that little extra boost that so people have come to rely on in their daily routines. Through in depth SWOT Analysis, Integrated Marketing Communication, and intense advertising these three companies has become a beacon of success. They will continue to illuminate the path to the future of coffee as well as our morning, afternoon, and sometimes late night buzz that we as warm blooded Americans crave. Works Cited 2003. â€Å"The Bean Stock.† www.thebeanstock.com2007. DD IP Holder LLC. www.dunkinfranchising.com2008. Caribou Coffee Company. www.cariboucoffee.com. 2009. DD IP Holder LLC. www.dunkindonuts.com2009. Starbucks Corporation. www.strabucks.com2009. Recall – Firm Press Release. â€Å"Caribous Coffee Participates in Nationwide Peanut Product Recall.† www.fda.gov†Coffee.† National Geographic Online. 1996-2009. www.nationalgeographic.com/coffee. Coffee Geek. 2000-2009. WebMotif Net Services, Inc. www.coffeegeek.comKenneth Davids. Coffee Review. 2009. www.coffeereview.comMonica Guzman. â€Å"Starbucks Ad Campaign is Gutsy†. May 1, 2009. http://blog.seattlepi.com

Monday, September 16, 2019

College Stress Essay

Jack’s heart pounds as he casts panicked looks around the classroom. He doesn’t recognize the professor, he doesn’t know any of the students, and he can’t even figure out what the subject is. In front of him is a test. At the very last minute his roommate awakens him. It’s only another anxiety dream. The very fact that dreams like Jack’s are common suggests that college is a stressful situation for young people. The cause of this stress can be academic, financial, and personal. Academic stress is common for college students. For many students, going to college is more than just attending classes and taking notes. They usually have a hard time understanding school guidelines and deciding what major they want to study. It is very stressful to read and understand all the school policies, especially the transfer instructions. It is even harder for student to make up their mind what major they should concentrate on. Choosing the right courses and making a schedule is another headache job that students have to go through. Students often find it very tough to decide what are the right classes to take that related to their major. It is also stressful to wake up in the morning and be one time for classes. Finally, preparing and taking mid-term and final exams are the most stressful time that student encounter for the entire semester. In a similar case to Jack, my friend, Som, who is a good student at City College, always gets nervous and stays up all night to study for his mid-term and final exams. Since, school requires students to maintain their GPA to a certain point in order for them to stay in school, passing the classes and getting good grades are one of the most concerning issues for a lot of students. In addition to academic stress, students often feel financial pressure. Most of the college students work part-time while attending college. They have more responsibilities than just maintaining their GPA. Paying for their school tuition and textbooks are the big two unavoidable expenses that they have to spend. Students often complain and feel frustrated about how much they have to pay for their textbooks and other materials related to their classes. Besides these expenses, students also have other financial responsibilities as well. Paying the rent, car payments and car insurance are stressful issues that students have to deal with. Like many other college students and myself, my girlfriend has to work two part-time jobs in order for her to have enough money to pay her bills. Buying clothes, movie tickets, gifts for friends’ birthdays are other pressures that students have to cop with while they are in school. Base on these expenses, it is pretty obvious that students must have some sort of incomes that they can rely on for the expeneses so that they can service in school and accomplish their dreams. Along with academic and financial worries, students also face personal pressures. For those who have a boyfriend or a girlfriend, they have to deal with their partner’s attitude and differences. For example, I have a friend who had a boyfriend when she was in college. She had to give up her time to go to a party with her boyfriend in stead of finishing up her assigments. She had to put up with his immature and jealous attitude who wanted her to tell him wherever she went. It was a personal stress for her that she had to put up with her boyfriend while receiving so much pressure from school. Getting along with their family members is a stressful thing to deal with if they live at home with their parents. For some they get homesick and miss their family members if they live far away from home. Another stressful thing for students is achieving their goals. They usually encounter pressure from their parents or relatives when asked when they are going to complete school. They are not sure if their achievements will meet their parent’s expectation. They afraid that they might not get a good job and make enough money to support themselves after they finish school. College students often encounter pressures and streeful situations while they are in school. Academic, financial and personal stress are not new to Jack, my girlfriend and my friend as well as many other students. They’ve experienced and are experiencing this pressures while they are working hard trying to make their dreams realized.

Sunday, September 15, 2019

Hard times Coursework Essay

The comparison between employer and employee is stressed every time Bounderby meets Stephen Blackpool and the comparison can be clearly seen, as when Bounderby and Blackpool are at the table, Bounderby’s half is full of silver china and saucers, while Blackpool’s is empty, this shows the power balance between the two-i. e. all the power is in Bounderby’s hands, as is the wealth and the control. Blackpool’s word is rarely trusted by those in power over Bounderby’s and they are so very different in almost all respects, with Bounderby’s life taking its own cource with his allegiance with Gradgrind in Parliament, while Blackpool only has Rachel caring for him, as compared to the city he is another nobody down on his luck. The story also shows family bonds through difficult situations, with the major family scenario of the Gradgrind’s the son and daughter are raised by their father in a factual heartless way, even though he does not realise this, he does go on to realise his mistake, with the mother of the family disabled and unable to move around due to sickness, being manipulated by everyone who walks by, as she has no dominance over anything indeed, and her character suggests she agrees with her husband on the factual upbringing of their children, and also shows the strains the family goes through after Louisa marries Mr Bounderby, and Tom gets involved in the bank robbery, and the family has to somehow try to bounce back, but does not manage to succeed with only a neutral ending The other families mentioned are the bond of father and child in Cissy Jupes Tale, the Man and wife in Blackpool’s unhappy marriage, and the twist in the story with Mr Bounderby’s mother appearing and e xplaining his upbringing Language Dickens uses a variety of techniques in hard times, mostly descriptive; giving a chance of detail good enough to imagine it, but for everyone’s imagination to be different, repetition gets across the steely characters characteristics   For Louisa he uses a simple vocabulary, using childly words and simple phrases meant with good intention on her behalf, with no academical subtext or complicated phrases, showing that she’s a good and kind hearted person, but also slightly dim compared to the other main characters The language of Mr Gradgrind is always very well developed, and while the descriptions of him make us see a rigid robot like figure, he does speak intellectually throughout the story Mr Bounderby however is much more rigid in his language and expresses his thoughts using what’s a fact instead of what’s humane, and this always puts him in a negative light, he may have been ‘born upside down’ where he would have always had such views, and always acted on factual or instinct data to prove his point The language of tom and Louisa has two stages during the story, at first they talk in only facts, with little feeling or emotion in their words, but occasionally while in private they speak out freely, or as freely as they can, but in the presence of others they stick to their blank expressions and factual sentences During toms elder years he begins to talk more like his father, with a free stroke in his speech and has retained some independence while still being accepted by his father and friends Louisa in her elder years changes little to her younger equivalent and stays rigid and factual, showing a feeling of repressed anger inside her Mrs Gradgrind is a poorly woman and her language reflects that, being incomplete, with words missing from sentences and grammatical errors if not for which she would sound like Mr Gradgrind, but throughout her brief appearances she keeps her grumbling simple and unimportant The language used by Blitzer is the product of Mr’s Gradgrind and Bounderby’s teachings and shows the heartless product of their ideal. in the end they both regret their schooling of Blitzer and realise their wrong, but only too late for some The other controversial language used is that of Mr Sleary the Circus leader, who uses a range of bizarre phrases in between his sentences and makes his appearance misunderstood and diverse compared to the other characters’ Conclusion So in conclusion with my previous statements, as listed above, the novel Hard times has a monotone view of Victorian society With all characters at a set point being either extremely good or eminently bad, in character and in appearance, much of which suggests that the focus of the story is based solemnly on interaction between characters, and no room for backdrops has been spared from steel bins burning in the winter cold, glum industrial streets and houses varying from basic to lavish all showing the contrast between the rich striving to change society the poor striving to stay out of trouble, and those who strive to be rich

Saturday, September 14, 2019

Apologia Marine Essay

1. Definitions a. Metabolism- The process by whichc a living organism takes energy from its surroundings and uses it to sustain itself, develop and grow. b. Photosynthesis-the process by which an organism uses the energy from the sun to produce its own food c. Autotrophs- organisms that are able to produce their own food d. Heterotrophs- organisms that cannot make their own food and must obtain it from other organisms e. respiration — the process by which food is converted into usable energy for life functions f. homeostasis — the tendency of living organisms to control or regulate changes in their internal environment g. diffusion — the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration h. osmosis — the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane i. osmoconformer — and organisms that allows its internal concentration of salts to change in order to match the external concentration of salts in the surrounding water j. Osmo regulator — an organism that regulates its internal concentration of salts k. Poikilotherm- an organism whose body temperature changes with its surrounding environment l. ectotherm — an organism whose body temperature is controlled by its surrounding environment m. homeotherm- an animal that maintains a controlled internal body temperature using its own heating and cooling of mechanisms n. Endotherm- an animal whose internal body temperature is a result of internal sources of heat o. a sexual reproduction — reproduction accomplished by a single organism p. sexual reproduction — reproduction that involves the union of gametes from two organisms: a male and a female q. binomial nomenclature — identifying an organism by a genus and species name 2. carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids 3. oxygen levels would be lower at night than during the day 4. no, they must feed on extra material made by photos synthesizing plants 5. no, both groups containing organisms like that 6. population 7. water will travel through osmosis to the outside 8. the body fluids would change. There would be more concentration of  dissolved substances in the body 9. no. They could have warm blood if their environment is warm 10. yes 11. no 12. the plant from the cutting 13. the cell with 24 chromosomes 14. the cell with 12 chromosomes 15. yes

Friday, September 13, 2019

Analysis On Bharati Mukherjee English Literature Essay

Analysis On Bharati Mukherjee English Literature Essay In turn, Mukherjee lays claim to an America that is both constantly transforming, and transformed by, the new immigrant. As the title of her short stories collection â€Å"The Middle Man† and Other Stories (1988) suggests, each protagonist from a different part of the world functions as a mediator of cultures, negotiating the â€Å"two-way transformation† (Mukherjee, â€Å"AUP† 141) of either an expatriate or immigrant experience in America. That the collection won the National Book Critics Circle Award undeniably affirms the appeal of such a Maximalist narrative strategy professing to give an equal voice to each immigrant group. On further analysis, however, it is clear that Mukherjee’s representation of a fluid American (trans)national identity influenced by diversity is ultimately predicated on the foregrounding of differences. Despite Mukherjee’s call for America to go beyond multiculturalism in its treatment of new immigrants, her own postcolo nial immigrant subjectivity-inevitably shaped by her elite British and American educational background-remains aligned with white hegemony, which continues to hierarchize its immigrants on the bases of ethnicity, class and gender. After all, Mukherjee specifically reveals in Jasmine that â€Å"[e]ducated people are interested in difference† (33). Keeping Mukherjee’s explicitly stated literary agendas in mind, this chapter will attempt to examine the ironies in Mukherjee’s postcolonial subjectivity in the novel Jasmine and the two short stories â€Å"A Wife’s Story† and â€Å"The Tenant,† both from â€Å"‘The Middleman’ and Other Stories† collection. Radical alterity of India From the vantage point of a successful female intellectual in America, Mukherjee disavows India precisely because its repressive patriarchy severely limits women’s opportunities in life, insofar as the sanctity of women’s lives is largel y disregarded and constantly endangered. However, â€Å"feudal compliance was [precisely] what still kept India an unhealthy and backward nation† (Mukherjee, Jasmine 77). This necessitates that Mukherjee’s heroines break the vicious cycle of being locked into arranged marriages that technically seal their fates with violent subjugation. In Mukherjee’s short story â€Å"The Tenant,† Maya’s claim that â€Å"[a]ll Indian men are wife beaters† (99) may be an exaggeration, but the more disturbing revelation is that â€Å"the groom’s mother was absolute tyrant of the household† (Mukherjee, Jasmine 147) in India. Indeed, generations of Indian women have also been physically abusing female subordinates deemed to have transgressed patriarchal norms. Yet, when meted out to any woman who defends or is interested in the pursuit of an education, such domestic violence is clearly a violation of basic human rights, unjustified to an America t hat champions the inalienable rights of every individual to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. In Jasmine, Jyoti’s mother suffers strikes from her husband because she supports Jyoti’s aspiration to continue her studies and become a doctor. In the short story â€Å"A Wife’s Story,† Panna’s mother is beaten by her illiterate mother-in-law because she enrolled in French class at the Alliance Franà §aise. The fact that even these Brahmin wives are not spared the rod underscores that physical violence against women cuts across the entire caste system, denying all women personal and professional progress. These scenarios emphatically portray the radical alterity of India, insofar as it becomes utterly incomprehensible to Americans who privilege individualism and gender egalitarianism. Aligned with these values, Mukherjee attempts to consolidate her status approval from the American market by positioning herself â€Å"not as [an] advantaged in side[r] of Asian culture but as similarly disadvantaged as [her] Anglo readers in finding that Asian component bizarre, distasteful, and difficult to comprehend† (Shirley Lim, â€Å"AG† 161) as well. As Mukherjee reveals, it is necessary to give Jasmine â€Å"a society that was so regressive, traditional, so caste-bound, genderist, that she could discard it† (â€Å"IMC† 19) in exchange for a rebirth in America. In exposing the oppression inherent in India’s patriarchal structure, Mukherjee situates her decolonizing impulse as one that embraces emancipation in America, a land that seemingly affords women endless opportunities to attain self-actualization.

IT utsurcing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

IT utsurcing - Essay Example Th rsrch bjctivs r t msur th incidnc f utsurcing mng ustrlin firms, idntify th functins utsurcd, th rsns why mngrs cnsidrd utsurcing, th csts nd bnfits f utsurcing, pssibl chngs in mds f nd mtivtins fr utsurcing nd fctrs tht r sscitd with succssful utsurcing rrngmnts. Th ppr is structurd s tht bth thrticl pprch twrd IT utsurcing nd its bnfits nd prcticl implictin nd rcmmndtins fr ustrlin IT utsurcing prtins wr xplrd. Th trms utsurcing nd insurcing d nt cptur th cmplxity f surcing ptins vilbl n th mrkt plc. Thr r svrl txnmis f surcing dcisins tht hv bn dptd. ur rsrch distinguishs mng thr: Ttl utsurcing: th dcisin t trnsfr IS ssts, lss, stff, nd mngmnt rspnsibility fr dlivry f IS srvics frm n intrnl IS functin t singl third prty vndr which rprsnts mr thn 80 pr cnt f th IS budgt; Ttl Insurcing: th dcisin t rtin th mngmnt nd prvisin f mr thn 80 pr cnt f th IS budgt intrnlly ftr vluting th IS srvics mrkt; Slctiv Surcing: th dcisin t surc slctd IS functins frm xtrnl prvidr(s) whil still prviding btwn 20 pr cnt nd 80 pr cnt f th IS budgt intrnlly. This strtgy my includ singl r multipl vndrs (mbrsi, 2001). Trnsitinl utsurcing invlvs th migrtin frm n tchnlgicl pltfrm t nthr. Such trnsitinl utsurcing hs thr phss: ( ) mngmnt f th lgcy systms; ( b ) trnsitin t th nw tchnlgy/systm; nd ( c ) stbilistin nd mngmnt f th nw pltfrm. ny n r ll f ths thr phss culd b turnd vr t third prty prvidr. Businss prcss utsurcing i... ny n r ll f ths thr phss culd b turnd vr t third prty prvidr. Businss prcss utsurcing is rltivly nw utsurcing rrngmnt. It rfrs t n utsurcing rltinship whr third prty prvidr is rspnsibl fr prfrming n ntir businss functin fr th clint rgnistin. ccrding t Millr (1994), numbr f industris r cnsidring businss prcssing utsurcing; in prticulr, gvrnmnt, finncil srvics (bnks nd insurnc cmpnis), hlth cr, trnsprttin, nd lgistics. Trgtd srvics includ htlins, hlp dsks, cll cntrs, clims mngmnt, nd dcumnt prcssing. Businss bnfit cntrcting is ls rltivly rcnt phnmnn. It rfrs t 'cntrctul grmnt tht dfins th vndr's cntributin t th clint in trms f spcific bnfits t th businss nd dfins th pymnt th custmr will mk bsd upn th vndr's bility t dlivr ths bnfits. Th gl is t mtch ctul csts with ctul bnfits nd t shr th risks.' Givn th risks sscitd with trditinl utsurcing, thr is cnsidrbl intrst in this frm f utsurcing. Millr nts, hwvr, tht whil businss bnfit cntrcting is frquntly usd in th mrkting f utsurcing srvics by third prty prvidrs, it typiclly is nt ctully dptd bcus f th difficulty sscitd with msuring bnfits. Bnchmrking in this r is prticulrly prblmtic. Bcus vndr rvnu nd mrgin ptntil r dirctly tid t th bnchmrks, it is nt surprising tht gtting grmnt by bth prtis n th bnchmrks prvs spcilly thrny. In ustrli, ppulr discussin f th grwing mrkt in utsurcing infrmtin tchnlgy (IT) hs bn spurrd by dcisins f svrl lrg cmpnis nd th ustrlin gvrnmnt t utsurc IT prtins. Th srvics in ustrlin IT utsurcing mk up t 38 prcnt f th ttl IT mrkt. Rsrch grup Grtnr rprtd tht th ustrlin IT srvics mrkt is wrth US$5.5 billin (Hubr, 2002). Th utsurcing in th cuntry is still ky drivr f th IT srvics sctr s wll s mngd srvics in rs

Thursday, September 12, 2019

Tesco - Reflective Journal - Managing Change Essay

Tesco - Reflective Journal - Managing Change - Essay Example Changes were felt immediately as Tesco’s shares fell on the stock market immediately following the announcement of Leahy’s retirement. In addition, Tesco’s announced that Leahy’s office would be filled by Phillip Clarke, the then head of Tesco’s international operations and was especially connected to Tesco in Europe and Asia (English, 2010). It was immediately speculated that Tesco would focus on its overseas operations with Leahy’s exit (English, 2010). In reality, Clarke, with significant international experience took over Tesco’s domestic operations once he took office. Upon his assumption of responsibilities, Richard Brasher who was head of domestic operations and took much of the blame for a drop in sales at Tesco’s domestic locations, announced that he would be leaving. In addition, Tesco’s public relations department announced that a shake-up would follow to restore Tesco’s profit margins (Brown & Jefferies, 2012). Changes commenced once Clarke took office and Clarke announced a 2 billion pound plan to restore the profits, that Tesco had a long and comfortable history of generating. Clarke announced that the company would hire 8,000 new employees and would work toward improving quality and reducing prices so that they were consistent with the income of the average household. Clarke also announced that Tesco would open more stores, make them larger and focus on the acquisition and sale of fresh foods (Cunliffe, 2013). In changing the organizational culture, a number of experts in managing different departments and operations such as multichannel managers, former managers from Sainsbury’s and Marks and Spencer and an executive from Facebook were hired. In addition, 50 current managers from Tesco’s headquarters and offices were let go (Butler, 2013). In other words, since 2010, Tesco has undergone significant changes in management for the purpose of turning the business around. The changes that Tesco have experienced and is currently experienced will be analysed by reference to change management theory as reported in the literature. Schneider, B.; Brief, A.P. and Guzzo, R.A. Spring 1996. ‘Creating a Climate and Culture for Sustainable Organizational Change.’ Organizational Dynamics, 7-19. Schneider, Brief and Guzzo (1996) discuss total organizational change (TOC), what it means and how it should be implemented for optimal results. More importantly, Schneider, et al.(1996) compare TOC with the silver bullet approach. The latter appears to be the approach taken by Tesco. The article also provides valuable insights on why change in an organization is important and how and why organizational change can become complicated exercises and can be poorly implementing, setting the organization back. In general, Schneider, et al. (1996) caution that organizations typically fail to implement organizational change successfully because they are ill-prepared for resistance from workers to organizational change. In addition, when there is a failure to properly contemplate the consequences of changes made, managers find themselves making more changes which only complicates the change process (Schneider, et al., 1996). It would appear that in Tesco’s case, changes in the organization have occurred at the top in that two high ranking mangers resigned from the organization within a year and a year later 50 managers were